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characterizing it as a set of empirical meth- strategy to display a PF with two inputs
ods disaggregated at the level of the in- (Equation 6) and a characteristic PF CES
dividual, families and firms, which may (Equation 7).
include regional and/or local data. Smith (6) (6)
(2010) cites that causal inference, through Y=F (K,L)
micro econometrics, can inform both
the configuration of spatial policies and Where:
the evaluation of these policies. In other Y = product;
words, it allows estimating and under- K= capital;
standing the efficiency and impact of pub- L= work. (7)
lic policies prior to their implementation,
providing the opportunity for improve- (7)
ρ
ρ
ments and changes at lower economic, Y( K,L) =( αK + bL ) 1/ρ
environmental and social costs. Where:
Although it is used less frequently, it Y = product; 3. From method to practice: studies of the economy related to the sea
is worth mentioning micro econometric K= capital;
methods for the area of the economy re- L= work. Analyzing the international literature direct economic contributions in the re-
lated to the sea, for example, in sectorial a e b = input distribution coefficients; of Economic Science related to the theme sults of surveys carried out by national
models. In this sense, Smith (2010) pro- p = parameter. “sea”, “coastal” and “blue”, it is possible statistical institutes and/or ad hoc spe-
posed in his studies spatial analszes quan- to register several studies that are dedicated cialized surveys; economic modeling
tifying aspects related to fishing effort and CES can take the form of other PFs, to quantifying the economy and the respec- of direct, indirect and induced impacts
travel distance to capture; and socioeco- for example, Cobb-Douglas or Leontief , tive impacts that invariably spread in differ- through input-output models; and de-
1
nomic impacts on fishermen in the struc- depending on the values assumed by the ent socioeconomic and environmental seg- velopment of satellite accounts for the

turing of public policies on the constitution parameter r, greater sensitivity in the capi- ments. However, in Brazil, despite having ocean economy in accordance with the
of fishing exclusion zones, marine reserves tal-labor ratio, constant returns to scale , for one of the largest coastal extensions in the national system of accounts. Interna-
2
and areas for certain fisheries. example. This, in itself, makes it differentiat- world, there is a more recent recognition of tionally, consistent and comparable data
ed and complex. By establishing all the vari- the importance of this theme. It is worth are available for few oceanic economic
2.4 Constant elasticity of substitu- ables that contribute to the total economy highlighting the effort of Carvalho (2018); activities (JOLLIFE et al., 2021, p. 6).
tion (CES) production function Carvalho and Moraes (2021) and volume 4
of a country, one can derive from equation For the analysis of the economy directly
According to Pindyck and Rubinfeld (7) the total PIB (GDP) of the country/region of this Work, measuring the economy and and indirectly related to the sea, regardless
(2012), a production function (PF) indicates or of a sector of the economy. sectors related to the sea. of the method used, Kildow and Mcllgorm
the maximum output for each specific Thus, the aforementioned methods Jollife et al. (2021) point out that there (2010) point out that the most common-
combination of inputs, highlighting that can be used to assess the economic and are still great difficulties in current measure- ly used sectoral indicators are: Gross Do-
output and inputs are flows and that PF al- social contribution, and/or estimation of ments of oceanic economic activity, due to mestic Product (GDP), Gross Added Value
lows inputs to be combined in varying pro- inherent impacts. However, there are sev- the challenge of isolating ocean-related (GAV) and occupations. In Table 1, some
portions, consequently there are a myriad eral other models, although with less ca- economic activities in the aggregate statis- studies related to economic activities at
of possibilities for obtaining the product. pacity to express, for example, the flows tics of nations. About this: sea are compiled. In it, pioneer authors on
The PF assume different types, among and multisectoral engagements, which [...] the methods adopted in national the subject can be noted, as well as trends
them, the well-known constant elasticity of are used for the purposes considered in studies of oceanic economic activity tend in the adaptation of some methodologies
substitution (CES). Using the simplification the objective of the work. to fall into three groups: identification of pointed out in section 2.

62 ECONOMIA AZUL Economy and the Sea: Methods and Indicators 63