Page 68 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

in a given territory; (ii) ecological: measure- ship: contents relevant to governance and
ment of its integrity, health and ecological allocation of degradation costs (UN, 2021).
condition; (iii) benefit to society: benefits However, the integration of variables
to people, the economy and society – it characterized as stocks (generally covering
also encompasses an economic bias when ecosystem data) to flow variables (especially
incorporating ecosystem services; (iv) asset monetary ones) is not trivial, which calls at-
value: assets that provide services and ben- tention and highlights the great potential of
efits in the future, depending on their eco- the accounting system under development.
logical status and social demands for eco- Table 2 presents the relationships of the SEE-
system services; and (v) institutional owner- EA accounts, in physical and monetary terms.
Table 2. Ecosystem accounts
Account Variables Proposal
Ecosystem expansion Physical Indicators of composition and change in
ecosystem types
Ecosystem condition Physical Measuring an ecosystem’s ability to provide
different ecosystem services; ecological
integrity
Flow of ecosystem services Physical TRUs record the flows of final ecosystem
services provided by ecosystem assets and
used by economic units
Record of flows of intermediary services
between ecosystem assets
Flow of ecosystem services Monetary Ecosystem service estimates are based on
estimating prices of individual ecosystem
services multiplied by the physical quantities
recorded in the physical ecosystem services
flow account
Monetary ecosystem assets Monetary Record information on inventories and
changes in asset inventories
It is based on the monetary assessment of
ecosystem services based on the VPL (NPV)
Changes in asset values due to ecosystem
enhancement or degradation are also
included
Source: Adapted from the UN (2021)
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66 BLUE ECONOMY
Figure 2 provides a better understand- is worth noting that the marine ecosys-
ing of the relationships between the ac- tem must be evaluated in the aforemen-
counts and the considered ecosystems. It tioned scope.
Figure 2. The relationship between SEEA-EA accounts
ECOSYSTEM TYPES
Forests I Wetlands I Coral reefs I Agricultural land I ...
ACCOUNTS
Opening and closing area
Extent account Ecosystem conversions
Condition account Opening and closing condition
Ecosystem services Supply & Use Provisioning / Regulating & maintenance /
flow accounts Cultural services
(Physical & Monetary Used by: Business / Governments / Households
Monetary ecosystem Opening and Closing Values
asset account Ecosystem enhancement and Ecosystem degradation
Source: UN (2021)
4. Final considerations
The scope of this chapter was to present a the analyses resulting from such modeling
concise review of the literature regarding the enable, for example, the alteration, or else,
main methodologies used to account for the the creation of more efficient public policies
economy related to the sea and quantify its for coastal zones and coastal municipalities.
impacts in pioneer and emerging countries in Among the methods mentioned, two stand
this theme. The main objectives that justify out, namely: Model IO and the System of
the measurement of the contribution, quan- National Accounts. Although they have their
tification and analysis of the inherent impacts limitations, such as the non-incorporation of
occur within the scope of decision-making behavioral changes of the agents, they are
by government actors, players and society. still the most used and with great predictive
By transforming data into information, capacity, making use of National Accounts.
Economy and the Sea: Methods and Indicators 67