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sectors, that is, it represents the demand of between the national economy and the
Xi= x + x + C + I + G + E (1) the sectors in relation to the others; and (ii) rest of the world”. We draw attention to
1 2
= x + x + L + N + M (2) forward linkages, which explain the sales the TRU Tables, already mentioned in Sec-
2
1
Equaling (1) and (2): of these sectors, that is, demonstrate the tion 2.1, for enabling the estimation of the
x + x + C + I+ G+ E = x + x + L + N + M supply of these sectors to the other sectors Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
1 2 1 2 of the economy. Indices above 1 denote that Also, within the scope of National Ac-
C + I + G + E = L + N + M (3)
the sectors are above the average of the na- counts, we highlight the so-called Satellite
Rearranging (3), one of the macroeconomic identities is obtained: tional economy, which, in practice, would be Accounts (SA). A Satellite Account is a sta-
L + N = C + I + G + (E - M) (4) the main sectors for economic growth. Thus, tistical framework that focuses on a partic-

Where: Olinto (2014) considers that the matrix is a ular industrial context, for example embed-
formula, but the analysis of the information ded in national accounts. In addition, they
C + I + G + (E - M) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
contained therein provides data so that we make it possible to combine economic and
L + N = Gross National Income (GNI) have a radiography of the economy in its var- environmental data (OECD, 2019).
The general IO model is represented by Equation (5), allowing the calculation ious sectors and developments. The IBGE classifies SA as follows: “Sat-
of the production (X) necessary to meet the final demand (f ) . ellite accounts are an extension of the
X = (I - A) -1 f (5) 2.2 System of National Accounts System of National Accounts. They allow
(SNA) and Satellite Accounts (SA)
Where: the elaboration of analyses on the profile

X = total production of sector j; Social Accounting deals with the mea- and evolution of a sector in a way com-
surement of a country’s economic and parable to the total economy, measured
I = identity matrix;
social activity, encompassing accounting by the National Accounts”. In this scope,
A = matrix of direct technical coefficients (input of activity i consumed by activity j); systems and statistical instruments – Na- IBGE publishes the Health Satellite Ac-
(I - A) = Inverse Leontief Matrix; tional Accounts, Satellite Accounts and count, for example, showing the profile
-1
f = final demand. some socioeconomic indicators. National of health activities in Brazil, contributing
Accounts provide the basic references for to its valuation.
classifying activities and institutional sec- 2.3 Econometric Model
The Leontief Matrix, therefore, makes it different sectors – direct, indirect and in- tors, definitions of the economic frontier
possible to calculate the variations in the duced of production, income, employment, and concepts for defining and classifying Econometric models are widely used
production of the sectors that are neces- taxes, among others, as well as the inter-in- statistical units and their transactions (FEI- to assess causal relationships, also known
sary to meet variations in the final demand, dustry links, being, in this case, the linkages JÓ; RAMOS; YOUNG, 2013). as causal inference. Kedong and Xuamei
that is, for example, what is the level of or key sectors of the economic sectors. Within the scope of National Accounts, (2018) point out the existence of the scien-
production necessary to satisfy the need for The indices of inter-industry links, ac- there is the System of National Accounts tific analysis named Marine Econometrics:
one or more components of final demand. cording to Guilhoto and Picerno (1995), (SNA), which is guided by Integrated Eco- … “is a methodological estimation system
It should be noted that the IO model does indicate which sectors within the econo- nomic Accounts (IEAs) and Tables of Re- that uses economic theory, statistics and
not only serve to measure economic and my would have greater power of linkage, sources and Uses (TRUs). According to the mathematical methods to reveal causal
social indicators, but also serves to estimate considering the perspective of Rasmussen Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statis- relationships between various factors in-
and quantify impacts - by calculating the (1956) and Hirschman (1958). The indices tics (IBGE), “The SNA presents information volved in oceanic economic phenomena
multipliers we have a tool that can provide that allow indicating the power of linkage – on the generation, distribution and use of (KEDONG; XUAMEI, 2018, p. 20).
information for projects and/or policies that the inter-industry links of the economy – are income in the country. There are also data Cameron and Trivedi (2005), deepening
depend on data related to impacts of dif- of two types: (i) backward linkages, which on the accumulation of non-financial assets, the econometric analysis, dedicate them-
ferent events, considering the links with inform how much a sector buys from other financial wealth and on the relationships selves to the study of micro econometrics,

60 ECONOMIA AZUL Economy and the Sea: Methods and Indicators 61