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The chapter will be divided into 3 sec- thesizing the main studies on the con- Table 1. Simplified Input-Output Matrix for a two-sector economy
tions, following this introduction. The tribution of this “economic sector”, as
Purchases
second section presents and defines the well as showing two advances in the ap-
Intermediate Final Demand
methodologies frequently identified in plication of the Input-Output model and Consumption Total
studies of the Sea/Coastal or Blue Econo- System of National Accounts for oceanic Product
my. The third section is dedicated to syn- accounts Sector 1 Sector 2 C I G E
Sector 1 Z 11 Z 12 C 1 I 1 G 1 E 1 x 1
2. Insights into the methods used to measure the contribution and Sales Sector 2 Z 21 Z 22 C 2 I 2 G 2 E 2 x 2
quantification of economic impacts

Gross Work l 1 l 2 L
Statistics aimed at evaluating the maritime Therefore, the concise methodological ex- Value
and coastal economy are increasingly being planation will begin in the first subsection. Added Capital n 1 n 2 N
developed by researchers and governments Imports m 1 m 2 M
who have already recognized their impor- 2.1 Input-Output Model (IO) x’ x 1 x 2 C I G E X
tance for the national economy. Since the It is the name given to the analytical
1980s, several studies have been carried out framework developed by Wassily Leontief Where: Source: Adapted from Miller and Blair (2009)
around the world in order to measure the in the mid-1930s. His fundamental frame- Z = intermediate consumption; According to Ramos (1996), the table
contribution and economic impact of this work proposal is to analyze the interdepen- C = household consumption; of intermediate consumption exposes for
portion of the economy for regions, nations dence of industries in an economy (MILLER; I = investment by companies; each product (rows) the value at consumer
and even continents (CARVALHO, 2018). BLAIR, 2009). That is, it indicates the activity G = government consumption; price consumed by each economic activity
To better understand the evolution of this of a group of industries that produce prod- E = exports; (columns) during the production process.
theme over the years, it is essential to shed ucts (outputs) and consume goods from L = work; Final demand, according to Miller and Blair
light on some methodologies used to achieve other industries (inputs) in the production N = capital; (2009), is composed of the exogenous sec-
the results. It is worth noting that some meth- process, condensing the information in a X = total production of the sectors. tors of the economy, namely: household
ods can measure the economy related – di- table of inter-industry transactions (Table The IO model is established as a set of consumption (C), gross fixed capital forma-
rectly and indirectly – to the sea and addition- 1). The IO model, through the Input-Output tables – also known as Input-Output Ma- tion and changes in inventories (I), govern-
ally quantify the inherent social and economic Matrix (IOM), is generally constructed from trix (IOM) – which can be divided into two ment consumption (G) and, finally, exports
impacts. O’Donougue et al. (2021) mention observed economic data for a specific geo- groups, namely: 1st- Basic tables, named (E). Ramos (1996) also comments that the
that methodologies to assess impacts should graphic region and annual measurement. Resource and Use Tables (TRUs); 2nd- Tables added value is the intermediate consump-
focus on a myriad of economic, social, spa- By displaying the links between sectors that result from the application of the mod- tion minus the production value. The GVA,
tial and environmental dimensions, and the and the economy – known as “intersec- el on the information contained in the basic a consequence of the production process,
tendency is to adapt to consider as many toral links”, “chains” or “back and forth tables. The TRUs incorporate data on the pro- is divided between the factors of produc-
variables together as possible, forming more links” –, it contributes to a better under- duction of economic activities, intermediate tion, labor (l) and capital (n), in addition to
complex and complete models. In this sense, standing of the economic structure, as well consumption, wages paid, social charges, the government (G).
the authors point out that the input-output as its transformation over the years, which, company investments and others. Of the sec- Likewise, we can demonstrate that the
(IO) models are the most used, allowing the therefore, is fundamental in the design of ond group of tables, the best known is the IO model presents the macroeconomic
measurement of the total economy or a spe- public policies (ZHAO et al., 2014). Also, Leontief Matrix. Through this, it is possible to identities, for that we will use the represen-
cific sector, in addition to evaluating the im- according to the author, IOM is widely used calculate the direct and indirect impacts re- tations of Table 1. Adding the last row and
pacts on sectors, agents and economies and in various economic disciplines and widely sulting from changes in the final demand of column of Table 1, we obtain equations (1)
realizing the intra- and inter-industry flows. used by researchers and policymakers. an economy (CONSIDERA et al., 1997). and (2), respectively:

58 ECONOMIA AZUL Economy and the Sea: Methods and Indicators 59