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ECONOMY AND THE SEA: METHODS AND

INDICATORS

Andréa Bento Carvalho

1. Introduction

In the international literature, there are the measurement of the oceanic or coastal
several studies that use different concepts economy, in general, are: 1) classification of
and methodologies to point out the con- industries belonging to the oceanic econ-
tribution of the sea to the national, state omy; 2) collect data from these industries
and/or local economy. It is very important using data from national accounts; 3) de-
to point out that each country or region termine the share of sea-related activities
can develop its own methodology to de- in total economic activity; 4) estimating
fine the economy related to the sea, in expenditures, employment, wages in the
addition to the sectors that will be com- sea economy; and 5) compare official gov-
puted as maritime activities and, therefore, ernment estimates with other sources of
their participation in the Gross Domestic industrial data. In this sense, steps 3 and 4
Product (GDP), occupations, and wages, involve the choice and application of eco-
among other economic variables. nomic and statistical methods to achieve
We highlight, for example, the studies the results, therefore, they are the object of
by Allen Consulting (2004), Pugh (2008), analysis of this chapter.
NIS/DGMP (2014), Girard and Kalaydjian Thus, the objective of this chapter is
(2014), Vega and Hynes (2014), Zhao et al. to present certain economic and statisti-
(2014), ECORYS (2014) and NOEP (2016), cal methods that can be used to quantify
which quantified and analyzed the Econo- the economy related to the sea, and/or to
my of the Sea, both nationally and state- measure its impacts, without aiming to ex-
wide for Australia, United Kingdom, Portu- haust the topic. To achieve the proposed
gal, France, Ireland, China, United Kingdom, objective, the methodology used will be
Spain, and the United States, respectively. based on a bibliographic review of the
Kildow and Mcllgorm (2010) indicate main national and international studies
that the approaches of countries regarding that deal with this theme.

56 ECONOMIA AZUL Economy and the Sea: Methods and Indicators 57
Economy and the Sea: Methods and Indicators 57