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demand decreases of more than 70%. During for icebreakers and natural gas carriers due intrinsically related to the country’s econom- credit objects are included as likely to be
this period, the Russian shipbuilding sector, to their exploration objectives in the Arctic re- ic cycles. Thus, according to Barat, Campos covered by the financing offered.
which is also dominated by state-owned gion. Currently one of the largest companies Neto and Paula (2014), in the period from The FMM is an accounting fund that relies
companies, deserves to be highlighted. Con- in the country is the United Shipbuilding Cor- 1880 to 1930, the development of port infra- on resources from the following sources: (i)
trary to the global downward trend, the poration (USC), created in 2007 and owned structure was closely related to the country’s percentage on the collection of the Additional
country’s shipyards have seen an increase in by the government. The sector is dependent export efforts. However, at that time, there Freight for the Renewal of the Merchant Ma-
their production due to government demand on the military demands of the State (Idem). was no policy dedicated to the naval industry. rine (AFRMM); (ii) budget allocations in the
According to D’Avila and Bridi (2017), General Budget of the Union; (iii) amounts
Figure 3 - New contracts in Russian shipyards by ship type
and by shipowner location, 2018-2019 it was only in the 1950s that the naval in- and amounts allocated by law, product of
dustry began to receive government atten- the return on financing operations granted;
(a) Ship type (b) Owner location tion, with its inclusion in the Goals Plan. (iv) other income from financial investments .
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And, only at the end of the 1960s, specific It is currently managed by the Ministry of In-
Gas Carrier 56,4% actions began to exist aimed at this indus- frastructure and the Board of Directors of the
Other Dry 17,8% try, as stated by Amaral, Gomide and Pires
Cargo Russia 99,1% Merchant Marine Fund. During the period of
Tanker 11,6% (2014); D’Avila and Bridi (2017); and Sina- existence of the FMM, it underwent several
Icebreaker 6,3% val (n/d), with the Shipbuilding Emergency modifications, the last one occurring with the
Passenger 3,9% Plan (1969/1970) and the Shipbuilding Pro- approval of Law 13,401, of 01/07/2022, also
Offshore 2,8% grams (1970 to 1980). As defined in Pires, known as BR do Mar.
Service Unknow 0,9%
Dredger 0,7% Gomide and Amaral (2014a, p. 188-189) 3.3. The shipping industry in the
Others 0,4% “[...] the naval industry comprises the 1970s
activity of manufacturing vessels and
water transport vehicles in general, During the 1970s, Brazil was relatively
Source: OCDE (2021b, p. 32) successful in the performance of its naval
ranging from maritime support vessels,
Thus, it is important to highlight how scope of state-owned companies leading port, oil tankers, bulk carriers, contain- industry, serving 4% of the world market,
according to Amaral, Gomide and Pires
the dominance of the international sce- the production ranking, and in govern- er carriers and river convoys to the (2014), in addition to employing around
nario in the shipbuilding industry under- ment subsidy policies. Despite the impact construction of shipyards, platforms 40,000 people. This industry was based
went a gradual shift from Europe to Asia. suffered by the Covid-19 pandemic, the and drilling rigs for offshore oil produc- on foreign technology: Japanese, Dutch,
This change, not only in terms of the industry has been slowly rebuilding itself tion, in addition to the entire ship parts German and English, but it had a high per-
economy, also represents a change in the through government measures to protect supply network”. centage of nationalization, approaching
structure of world competition, with the and encourage its industries. 60%. Thus, what characterizes this period
3.2. The Merchant Marine Fund (FMM)
3. History of Shipbuilding in Brazil of production success are the internation-
In 1958, the Merchant Marine Fund - al orders, when Brazil came to occupy the
3.1. The beginning of the naval shipyard in the country. This undertaking, FMM was created, through Law 3,381. second place in the world orders.
industry in Brazil
which did not count on public investment, The initiative addresses the financing of However, with the world economic crisis
The first action of industrial thinking in was responsible for a third of the armada various activities related to the naval in- of 1980, the market lost strength and not
the naval sector was the initiative of Baron in the war against Paraguay (SINAVAL, n/d). dustry, such as the construction and acqui- even the government’s efforts with the Sec-
of Mauá who, in 1846, founded, in Niterói, From an analysis of the literature dedicat- sition of vessels and shipyards. According ond Shipbuilding Program of 1981 were
the Establishment of Foundry and Shipyards ed to the subject, it is possible to observe that to the development of the industry, the able to maintain the country’s production
of Ponta d’Areia , also known as the first investments in the Brazilian naval industry are fund’s regulations are modified, and new (D’AVILA; BRIDI, 2017; PIRES; GOMIDE;
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700 BLUE ECONOMY Brazilian Naval Industry 701