Page 658 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

regions, with annual average wind speeds (TAVARES et al., 2020; Idem, 2022). In the a full-scale device with two floats installed point absorber type wave energy converter,
above 8 m/s. As shown in the references Southeast region, the states of Rio de Janei- at the Port of Pecém, in the state of Ceará, with a capacity of 50 kW, consists of an os-
(RODRIGUES et al., 2015; PIMENTA et al., ro and Espírito Santo have significant off- in 2011. It was deactivated in 2014, due cillating body and a support structure fixed
2019), the states of Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará shore wind potential. However, as shown by to the port expansion project. The device, to the seabed. The oscillating part is a con-
and Rio Grande do Norte, each with a wide (Idem, 2020), in these regions wind speeds called COPPE wave energy hyperbaric con- ical cylinder that can move in the vertical
continental shelf and relatively shallow wa- reach an average of 9 m/s in areas with wa- verter, with an installed capacity of 100 direction. The fixed structure is jacket type
ters (depths of up to 50 m), are the most ter depth between 50 m and 3000 m, where kW, is composed of a floating body, 10 with four columns with small diameters in
attractive areas in the northeast for the de- the implementation of fixed platforms, such m in diameter, connected to a mechanical relation to the predominant wavelength, to
ployment of offshore wind turbines. In the as a monopile or gravity base is not feasi- pumping arm, 22 m long, a hydropneu- avoid the diffraction effect. The structure is
South region, a significant offshore wind ble. It is noteworthy that 86% of offshore matic accumulator, a hyperbaric chamber, mounted on the seabed using a concrete
resource, with speeds of up to 9 m/s, can wind resources in the Southeast and South and a generating unit. The movement of base. Eight bearings make it easy to move
be observed along the coast of the states regions are located in regions with depths the floating body in the vertical direction the float in a vertical direction. They are
of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul greater than 50 m (Idem, 2020). (heave), due to the interactions between placed at the top and bottom of the cy-
the float and the waves, drives the pump lindrical section. The conversion system is
4. Current stage of development
actuator that displaces the water within the located on the upper deck and consists of
closed circuit to the hydropneumatic accu- a gearbox, which increases the rotational
4.1 World wind Scotland, a spar type, installed in mulator. The accumulator is connected to a speed provided by the buoy, and a rotat-
late 2017. Other pilot projects such as pressurized hyperbaric chamber. Then, the ing generator. The vertical movement of
Apart from tidal dams and offshore WindFloat, Sea Angle, Eolink Protoype pressurized water drives a hydraulic tur- the float is transferred via a central rod to
wind, the other technologies for convert- and Kincardine are in the pre-commercial bine coupled to an electric generator. The the gearbox. Then the vertical movement
ing renewable sources in the ocean are in phase (WIND EUROPE, 2018). hyperbaric chamber works as an energy is converted into rotation suitable for the
the pre-commercial phase. The first tid- Since 2009, many devices have been de- storage system, which smooths out fluc- electrical generator.
al dam with a capacity of 240 MW was ployed around the world to capture energy tuations caused by the oscillatory nature A control system called latching, pro-
installed in La Rance, France, in 1966. from waves, currents, tidal ranges, thermal of ocean waves. The applied pressure is in posed by Budal and Falnes (1980), was
In 2011, South Korea inaugurated the and salinity gradients. Europe has the high- the range of 250-400 m of water column applied to the wave converter to compen-
largest dam in the world, Sihwa, with a est number of ocean renewable projects, (mwc) (COSTA et al., 2010). In the design sate for the reduction in the diameter of
capacity of 254 MW (BAE et al., 2010). around 60.66%, followed by North Amer- phase, the experimental tests of a reduced the buoy, suitable for dynamic amplifica-
There are projects under evaluation in ica, Asia, Oceania, Africa, Central America scale model of 1:10 were carried out at the tion, in order to reduce costs (SHADMAN
China, Russia, and Great Britain (HOOPER and the Caribbean, and South America Ocean Technology Laboratory (LabOcea- et al., 2018; Idem., 2021). The latching
et al., 2013). About 81% of the offshore with 17.10%, 13.35 %, 5.62%, 1.64%, no) at UFRJ, where a capture width ratio control system uses a latching device,
wind turbines installed in the world are 0.94% and 0.7%, respectively (SHADMAN between 19% and 36% was observed for which represents the mechanical control
of the monopile type. Only a few projects et al., 2019). Wave and tidal current con- the wave energy converter (ESTEFEN et al., method that tunes the natural period of
used floating base turbines, including Hy- verter designs are predominant. 2012; Idem, 2008). The second project, the float to the period of the acting wave,
shown in Figure 5b, is a nearshore wave holding and releasing the float at the up-
5. Brazil
energy converter, planned to be installed in per end of the vertical movement. Con-
relatively shallow waters (depths between sequently, greater ranges and speeds of
5.1 Wave Energy readiness levels (TRL), both carried out by the 18 and 30 m) off the coast of Rio de Janei- float motion can be achieved, leading to
Ocean Renewable Energy Group (GERO) of ro. The technology is in the research and greater energy production. In practice, a
In Brazil, there are two main wave en- the COPPE/UFRJ Submarine Technology Lab- development phase, TRL 4, and will soon hydraulic system is used to mechanically
ergy projects with different technological oratory. As illustrated in Figure 5a, the first is be tested at LabOceano. The system is a lock the oscillating float.

656 BLUE ECONOMY Renewable Energy in the Ocean 657