Page 663 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

process for the production of energy in the between onshore and offshore wind is administrative sanctions, and executing the ronmental licensing system is regulated by
exclusive economic zone. IBAMA analyzes that onshore wind farms are privately norms of environmental protection, includ- Decree Number 99,274/1990, with the is-
the environmental conditions and possible owned, while offshore areas are federal ing those of a criminal nature. The envi- suance of different licenses for each phase.
impacts for the granting of preliminary, in- property, where the Brazilian State has ju-
stallation and operating licenses. Decree risdiction and sovereign rights for energy
Number 10,946, of January 25, 2022, production purposes, pursuant to art. 56 7. Synergy with oil and gas
provides for the assignment of the use of of the United Nations Convention on the
spaces and the use of natural resources for Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), internalized by Brazil has abundant oil resources, de- However, the majority of exploratory
the generation of electricity from offshore the Brazilian legal system in Decree Num- veloped in exploration, production, and blocks are located in the higher depths.
projects. The offshore wind roadmap pre- ber 99,165/1990. In addition, it is essen- refining activities. The infrastructure of The presence of oil and gas infrastruc-
pared by EPE, IBAMA’s Environmental Term tial, in the case of the implementation the offshore oil and gas sector includes ture and facilities in locations with high
of Reference, and the aforementioned De- of offshore renewable energy parks, to platforms, wells, and pipelines, with re- offshore wind potential can cause con-
cree are relevant initiatives to provide legal consider two Brazilian legal frameworks fineries located on land. According to the flicts in the use of space at sea for the
certainty for investments in ocean space for that govern policies related to the sea, the ANP (https://www.gov.br/anp), in January installation of large-scale offshore wind
the use of renewable energy. National Maritime Policy (NMP), approved 2020 the total production of oil and nat- turbines. On the other hand, the reuse
The National Energy Plan – PNE2050 by Decree number 1.265, of October 11, ural gas in Brazil was approximately 4.041 of oil and gas infrastructure, from the
(MME, 2020) published by the EPE is the 1994, and the National Policy for Sea million barrels of oil equivalent per day. decommissioning of facilities, can repre-
first document that contains the offshore Resources (PNRM), approved by Decree This represents around 47% of Brazil’s do- sent opportunities for the installation of
wind theme, mapping the energy resourc- Number 5,377, of February 23, 2005. mestic energy supply in 2018, as reported wind turbines, wave energy converters
es available in the country in the long Law Number 6,938/1981 instituted the by EPE. Offshore production represented and ocean current turbines (LEPORINI et
term. This can be considered the first in- National Environment Council (Conama), a 96.9% of oil and 80.8% of natural gas in al., 2018; KLABUČAR et al., 2020). In ad-
stitutional effort to systematically present consultative and deliberative body of the relation to the total volume. dition, existing activities associated with
the offshore wind resource along the Bra- National Environment System (SISNAMA). The Campos and Santos basins, locat- the oil and gas industry, environmental
zilian coast. More recently, the Ten-Year In 1986, Conama created the Environmen- ed in the southeast region along the coast data and environmental licensing experi-
Energy Expansion Plan – PDE 2029 (MME, tal Impact Assessment (EIA), considered of RJ and SP, are the most productive sedi- ence may represent opportunities to de-
2019) considered offshore wind energy as one of the most important instruments mentary basins with the greatest offshore velop offshore wind projects in these ar-
a candidate source for expansion in the used to seek compatibility between sus- oil and gas potential in the country. They eas (C., 2021). Renewable sources in the
medium-term horizon. The objective of the tainable economic development and envi- are in a range between 2 km to 487 km offshore regions occupied by the oil and
Brazilian offshore wind roadmap published ronmental protection. The Environmental from the coast, at depths between 12 m gas industry can be used in the decar-
by EPE is to identify the main barriers and Impact Report – RIMA is another important and 2796 m. The pre-salt reservoirs are bonization effort of the sector, providing
challenges that must be considered for the document, prepared simultaneously with the most recent and important discovery electricity for oil exploration and produc-
development of this sector in Brazil. In ad- the EIA, which aims to present the popu- of the last two decades, being currently tion activities (RIBOLDI et al., 2019). Off-
dition, it indicates recommendations in the lation, in an intelligible way, the technical responsible for about 70% of Brazilian shore renewable resources can be used
aspects of planning and regulation. information contained in the EIA. The Bra- production. In the Northeast region, the for the recovery of oil in mature wells in-
EPE’s offshore wind roadmap concluded zilian Institute for the Environment and Re- northern coast of the state of Rio Grande creasing production by feeding the water
that the current legislation, which has been newable Natural Resources (IBAMA), creat- do Norte has intensive oil and gas produc- and gas injection pumps (SHADMAN et
applied in the onshore wind sector, could ed in 1989, is responsible for the elabora- tion activities in shallow waters up to 50 m. al., 2020).
be applied to offshore wind, considering tion and execution of the national environ-
minor adaptations. However, the road- mental policy, preserving natural resources
map highlighted that the basic difference and inspecting their rational use, imposing

661
Renewable Energy in the Ocean
660 BLUE ECONOMY Renewable Energy in the Ocean 661