Page 657 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

the increase in their dimensions (DEWAN et followed by the jacket. Projects implemented 3. Potential of resources
al., 2015). To overcome this problem, float- at greater depths make use of floating foun-
ing concepts were proposed. As shown in dations. So far, the only commercial floating This section uses four main works: SHAD- margin of Brazil, with a velocity of 1.52 m/s.
Figure 4a, the type of fixed foundation can wind farm is Hywind Scotland, installed at MAN et al., 2019, HERNANDEZ C. et al., This region is located at a distance between
be categorized into four types including the end of 2017, which includes five float- 2021 and ASSIS TAVARES et al., 2021,to 120 and 300 km from the coast, with power
gravity base, monopile, tripod and jacket. ing wind turbines, with a spar foundation, present the renewable resources in the ocean density values above 500 W/m2. However,
The floating foundation can be catego- with 6 MW turbines. Some examples of the along the Brazilian coast. The wave dataset is the long distance from the coast implies
rized into three types: semi-submersible, semi-submersible type are the Windfloat, Sea obtained using Météo-France’s global ocean substantial costs of submarine cables, which
spar, and tension-legged platform (TLP), as Angle, Eolink Prototype and Kincardine proj- analysis and forecasting operating system can make the project of transmission of
shown in Figure 4b. The monopile founda- ects, which are in the demonstration phase which is available for the CMEMS (Coper- electricity to the mainland unfeasible.
tion is the most used in existing installations, (WIND EUROPE, 2019). nicus Marine Environment Monitoring Ser- According to SHADMAN et al. 2019,
vice). The model has a horizontal resolution along the Brazilian coast, except for the
Figure 4 - Offshore wind turbine foundations of 1/12° (~9 km) and 3-hour instantaneous extreme south region, below 27°S, the
fields of built-in wave parameters. Datasets average annual thermal variation, which
a – Fixed foundations for ocean currents velocity and temperature represents the thermal difference between
Gravity Monopile Tripod Jacket Tripile were obtained (surface up to 5500 m) from depths of 20 m and 1000 m, is about 20°C
Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation the numerical model product available for or higher. The authors considered twelve
CMEMS. The dataset has a regular horizontal 10 MW OTEC plants along the coast. The
grid with a resolution of 1/12° (~9 km) based selected points are at distances between
on the tripolar ORCA grid (GM, 1996), 50 30 and 200 km from the coast. The North
vertical levels with 22 layers within the top and Northeast regions have higher aver-
100 m of the surface, the bathymetry of ETO- age annual power compared to the South
PO1 (AMANTE, 2018), and atmospheric forc- and Southeast regions. The results showed
ings from the ECMWF (European Center for that the thermal difference of 20 °C can be
Medium-Term Weather Forecasts). reached at depths of up to 500 m in the
According to SHADMAN et al. 2019, northeast region. In economic terms, there
the total power of the wave energy was is considerable cost savings for raising the
estimated at 91.8 GW along the coast, cold water to 500 m instead of 1000 m.
b – Floating foundations
considering the length of the Brazilian The Brazil’s Energy Research Office (EPE
coast. In practice, only a small portion of - Empresa de Pesquisa Energética do Bra-
this value can be extracted by wave energy sil) estimated the offshore wind potential
conversion devices, due to different issues in the exclusive economic zone of Brazil
associated with technical challenges, envi- at 1.78 TW (MME, 2022), with about 700
ronmental impacts, economy, differentiat- GW in regions of depths up to 50 m (EPE,
ed use of the maritime area and social im- 2020). In the study, the 10 MW DTU wind
pacts. However, only a fifth of this poten- turbine was used to calculate the energy
tial is equivalent to about 35% of Brazilian production and the capacity factor. The
electricity demand in 2017 (EPE, 2018). results shown by Hernandez C. et al., re-
A maximum annual average of ocean cur- veal the existence of three areas of inter-
Source: (C. et al., 2021) rent can be observed in the north equatorial est in the Northeast, Southeast and South

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