Page 492 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

economic activity essentially based on the in- between academia and the government,
terdependence of actors in the spheres of sci- a reflection of the filing of patents under Figure 4: Expanded Triple Helix Model
ence, market, and State, respectively. Private joint ownership between funding agencies applied to Marine Biotechnology
enterprise depends on academic knowledge and universities. Collaboration between ac-
and innovation funding to produce goods ademia and industry remains incipient, mak-
and services. Universities and institutes car- ing the pattern of collaboration not what
ry out research using public and private re- was expected in the Triple Helix model.
sources. In turn, governments, agencies, and One of the instruments normally used to
committees formulate ST&I policies and are bring the parties together within the acade- Innovation Offer
responsible for the regulatory structure, activ- my-industry-government model is the estab- Industry
ities that need to be in tune with companies lishment of Technological Poles, which are en-
and academia to be effective. vironments conducive to interaction between
Understanding biotechnology involves public institutions, private companies, and
understanding this complex of interdepen- the scientific community. These Hubs serve as
dencies, so the three spheres can be used environments for cooperation between the Government
as an analytical resource. The basic idea entrepreneurial initiative and the academic Academy
suggests that biotechnological innovation is community, aiming to strengthen the capac-
only possible when new knowledge is direct- ity for innovation, generation of wealth and
ed to meet the demands of socioeconomic the well-being of society. Furthermore, these
development, which are then analyzed, environments have high potential to bridge
managed, and commercialized by private the gap between the generation of scientific
entities and companies. In this way, there is knowledge and socioeconomic development
the stimulus of public policies aimed at co- (the Innovation paradigm). Demand
ordinating the development of the potential Although this model seems well re-
of each sector and managing the contractu- solved, there are more recent ones that Source: Own Elaboration (2022)
al models of partnerships between the dif- recognize the role of investors and users
ferent actors (including patents). From this within the development flow; the so-called
perspective, actors (governments, industry, triple helix of expanded innovation. In this 4. Biotechnology in companies
and academia) need to increase their inter- view, the HT model is outdated and fails to
action to create innovations that contribute consider two central groups in the model, The term “Biotechnology” encom- in molecular biology and the association of
to economic development, competitiveness which are entrepreneurs and customers. passes several technologies employed in Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research
and social well-being. And it is precisely at According to a study by the Massachu- research and industry, ranging from the Corporation) with some universities in the
this point that the innovation model fails. setts Institute of Technology (MIT), 93% of production of enzymes by genetically State of São Paulo for the development of
The academy is distant from the compa- innovation originates outside of established modified bacteria to therapies using stem genetic engineering programs in animals,
nies. Entrepreneurs are usually averse to in- companies. The main reason lies in the In- cells. Biotechnology itself, in Brazil, began biotechnology was little gradually consoli-
novation. The government lacks active and novation paradigm mentioned above: es- around 1930, when the Agronomic Insti- dating itself on the national scene.
integrative policies for innovation. Although tablished organizations and industries rec- tute of Campinas (IAC) began to develop Although the country is essentially agri-
the innovative effort has shown growth in ognize the chasm between innovation and research for the genetic improvement of cultural, only 10% of biotechnology com-
the country in the last decade, the highest the market and choose to avoid the risks coffee, corn and other species. Gradually, panies are focused on agriculture. About
pattern of collaboration has been observed inherent to innovation. with the emergence of graduate programs 40% work in human health and 5% in

Development of Marine Biotechnology 491
490 BLUE ECONOMY Development of Marine Biotechnology 491