Page 488 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

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through pre-clinical trials. Most of the time, especially on oncology, on the search for Trabectedin (Yondelis®) is a natural and commercialization) of the use of Plitide-
these new molecules have very complex molecules with anticancer activity from marine product extracted from a spe- psin (Aplidin ®), which is a peptide original-
structures, so that it is difficult to imagine a the sea and on fulfilling the commitment cies of tunicate (Ecteinascidia turbina- ly isolated from a marine tunicate (Aplidium
rational design to develop a drug that con- to cancer patients, based on multina- ta) inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea albicans) from the Mediterranean Sea, were
tains the scalable bioactive principle that tional investment between Spain, Italy, and the Caribbean. The trabectedin approved. This peptide is currently obtained
is therefore marketable. Thus, investing in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, molecule is an alkaloid and was the by chemical synthesis to meet industrial pro-
the knowledge of the essential principles Austria, and the United States. Below are first anticancer molecule of marine or- duction scale. Similarly, tetrodotoxin, known
of biosynthetic pathways (e.g., genome, other examples of success in the devel- igin approved in the European Union as puffer fish venom, is also in the last phase
transcriptome, and metabolome) and of opment of bioproducts of diverse origin (EU) for use in the treatment of soft of clinical trials, as it has been demonstrat-
the marine animal itself would allow fur- among marine organisms. tissue sarcoma and in some cases of ing analgesia properties, particularly prom-
ther development through synthetic biol- . ovarian cancer sensitive to standard ising in combating chemotherapy-induced
ogy and bioinformatics. This knowledge The peptide Conotoxin MVIIA chemotherapy. In addition, the FDA peripheral neuropathic pain.
has become the basis to enable the devel- (Ziconotide®), originally extracted and recently approved an alkaloid analog In line with the innovation of marine
opment of therapeutic methods through purified from the venom of the marine of trabectedin, also found in the same bioproducts, for 5 years, the multidisci-
the development of a sustainable biotech- snail Conus magus, gave rise to the marine organism, called lurbinectedin plinary trend has been the association of
nological product or process. Thus, it is ex- synthetic molecule ziconotide, which (Zepzelca®), used to treat patients bioinformatics and the areas of “omics”
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pected to ensure the process of research was the first drug of marine origin re- with metastatic lung cancer; for the refinement and acceleration of

and development of marine bioproducts leased by the Food and Drug Admin- Eribulin mesylate (Halaven®) is a technological innovation in this area of ma-
candidates to become new pharmaceuti- istration (FDA) in 2004, for the treat- synthetic ketone derived from hali- rine biotechnology in the development of
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cals, with potential activity against several ment of severe chronic pain; chondrin B, a natural product of the pharmaceuticals and derivatives. Consider-
diseases. Currently, most pharmaceuticals Cytarabine (CytosarU®, Ara-C) is a marine sponge Halichondria okadai ing target-specific therapeutic strategies,
approved by regulatory agencies are used synthetic pyrimidine nucleoside isolat- and is used in the treatment of early according to a 2019 study, white sharks
in the treatment of different types of can- ed primarily from a species of Carib- and metastatic breast cancer, positively have an average lifespan of 70 years, and
cer, the second disease with the highest bean sponge Tethya crypta. This drug prolonging patient survival. the first DNA map of these sharks revealed
incidence and lethality in the world. These is also FDA-approved and used pri- mutations that protect these animals from
strategies have a direct impact on society, marily in different types of leukemia, The examples above list successful cases cancer and other diseases. The research
since the studies aim to discover therapeu- including acute myelocytic leukemia, in the development and use of pharmaceuti- also shows that the great whites, which
tic alternatives that provide a better qual- lymphocytic leukemia, meningeal leu- cals for human well-being. The most innova- have been around for nearly 16 million
ity of life, the extension of survival, the kemia, and blast crisis phase of chronic tive therapeutic strategy was the association years, are able to repair their DNA, main-
reduction of side effects, innovation in the myeloid leukemia; of marine natural products with immuno- taining the stability of the genome, which
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specificity/effectiveness of the treatment. Vidarabine (adenine arabinoside, therapy, brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®). preserves its integrity, something humans
Although there are a variety of pre-clini- ara-A or arabinofuranosyladenine) is The drug consists of the conjugation of cannot do. In contrast, instability in ge-
cal studies in this area, the advancement a synthetic purine nucleoside isolated monomethyl auristatin E, an endolastatin de- nomes, which is caused by DNA dam-
of clinical studies will only be possible from the same Caribbean sponge T. rived initially from a mollusk of the sea hare age, is known to trigger cancer and other
through the involvement of pharmaceu- crypta and developed from sponguri- Dolabella auricularia, and later from marine age-related diseases. In other words, the
tical companies. There is a leading global dine and is currently obtained from the cyanobacteria. It is used as a first-line therapy great white shark’s ability to reconstruct
marine biotechnology company that has antibiotic Streptomyces. It is FDA ap- for Hodgkin’s lymphoma in combination with its own DNA has evolved, while ours has
contributed to the development of these proved for use as an antiviral in epithe- conventional chemotherapy. not. Therefore, this example highlights the
pharmaceuticals since 1986 called Phar- lial keratitis, acute keratoconjunctivitis, In 2021, with the SARS-COV2 pandemic, need for knowledge of how this happens,
maMar. Based in Madrid, Spain, it focuses and for superficial keratitis; phase III clinical trials (last phase for approval so that it can be applied to humans.

486 BLUE ECONOMY Development of Marine Biotechnology 487