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Figure 5. Networks based on authors’ keywords, 1959-2020* of the 2030 Agenda, its 17 SDGs, as well 2.4. Trend themes
as with the Ocean Decade (2021-2030).
law of the sea Figure 5 shows networks based on When it comes to analyzing trending
biodiversity the authors’ keywords and on the Leuven topics based on ”keyword plus” covering
marine protected areas
clustering algorithm, totaling 50 nodes. the period from 1994 to 2020* (when
ecosystem-based management
policy There are six groupings of words, present- the volume of publications on this topic
ecosystem approach
ing the following nodes: “blue economy” increased), the choice of keywords plus is
ocean
mediterranean sea fisheries management (green color), “ocean governance” (red), justified because it adequately maps the
high seas
climate change “blue growth” (purple), “marine econo- reference base of publications considered
conservation
ocean governance my” (blue), “maritime cluster” (brown) in the research. In line with other analyses,
marine spatial planning unclos and “climate change” (orange). As in Fig- its frequency increase is clear from 2010
governance ure 4, it is notable that different keywords onwards, precisely from 2015.
ecosystem services fisheries marine conservation
marine oceans governance introduced in bibliometric research appear There is a slight change in discussion,
aquaculture marine governance coastal management as main nodes, showing that each con- agenda or in spatial terms. In the second
blue growth blue economy cept actually presents a precise and par- half of the 1990s, management and plan-

sustainability ticular set of associated themes. In fact, ning discussions stood out, more focused
maritime security it is evident that they are not necessarily on the case of the USA. The term “ocean
sustainable development
synonymous terms. engineering” shows that it was a more
maritime spatial planning marine policy
oceans
south africa
sustainable development goals european union china Figure 6. Trending themes based on keywords plus,1994-2020*
maritime economy indian ocean
ocean economy 1990 2000 2012 2021 2030

Strategic planning Maritime economics Blue economy Ocean Decade
innovation marine economy Ocean Engineering Ship Design International Clean ocean
cooperation Healthy and resilient
Shipbuilding and repair ocean
maritime shipping
Oceanic governance Predictable ocean
development Cargo transport
maritime cluster Institutions Safe ocean
Harbors Sustainable and
maritime economics
competitiveness Public policies productive ocean
marine industry
MSP Transparent and
strategic management accessible ocean
Coastal zone Known and valued
Source: Santos (2021a, 2022) management ocean
The exponential growth of the term as aquaculture (720.0%), blue growth Climate change Global engagement
“ocean governance” stands out, especially (569.2%), marine economy (485.7%) and Environmental Agenda consolidation
in the period 1999-2018. However, since sustainable development (440.0%). There management and Sustainable
development
2015 (and especially from 2018 onwards), should be a close relationship with the in- conservation Different sciences
the term “blue economy” has become the creasing frequency of “climate change”,
most frequently used term. In the period “sustainable development”, “sustainability”,
2016-2020*, the frequency of the term “marine spatial planning”, “aquaculture”
blue economy increases (871.4%), as well and “fishing” with the implementation Source: Santos (2021b)

44 BLUE ECONOMY Economy and the Sea: Concepts and Definitions 45