Page 49 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

technical agenda, distant from the human More recently, the 2010s have seen an in-
and social sciences. In the first decade of crease in themes, actors and their frequency. Figure 7. Concepts related to the Blue Economy
the 2000s, discussions on ship design, Unlike previous temporal analyses, it is diffi-
shipbuilding, cargo and ports transport and cult to identify the discussion (and its nature)
harbors led the debate. In the second de- that drives the period, as different terms indi-
cade of the 2000s, the agenda expanded, cate different issues and agendas. However,
as it considers international cooperation, it is possible to argue that the 2010s is the
maritime policy, societies and institutions. period that comprises the discussion from
While still very focused on the USA, issues the governance approach, highlighting its
related to Asia are progressively increasing. relevance in the following issues:

. Economic: economic growth, compe- offshore oil, marine resources, environ-
titiveness and trade; mental management and environmen-
. Policies: public policies, marine policy, tal protection;
spatial planning, ecosystem management, .Climate change and pollution: control of
decision making, integrated approach, co- emissions, plankton, eutrophication and
astal zone management and project ma- marine pollution; and
nagement; . Actors and institutions: China, European
. Sustainability in the exploitation of Union (EU), the USA, Australia, Canada, Pa-
marine resources: fishing, aquaculture, cific Ocean, Baltic Sea and Law of the Sea.

3. Main concepts and definitions

Based mainly on the results of the pre- 3.1. Economy of the Sea
vious subsection, this section presents a
more detailed conceptual discussion based In the 1970s and 1980s, the concepts
on the results of the bibliometric analysis is of economy of the sea (GESSNER, 1971)
presented, contextualizing it from the cen- and sea economy (ANTIA, 1989; DOLM-
tral debates in the specialized literature. In IERSKI; NITKA, 1976) led the discussion.
relation to Figure 5, it is possible to draw More recently, the concept has been used
several conclusions, which even motivated to methodologically and quantitatively Source: Santos (2021b)
the research and justified some of the guid- analyze the case of Brazil (SANTOS, 2019;
ing questions of this chapter. 2020, 2021a, 2021b, 2022; ALERJ, 2021; and Chen and Zhou (2020). In some cases, economy. In July 2020, the Technical
Figure 7 summarizes the main themes REGAZZI et al., 2021; SANTOS; CARVAL- such a discussion appears as “blue fund- Group (TG) “PIB do Mar” (“GDP of the
related to each of these concepts, which, HO, 2020a; 2020b; PwC, 2019; CARVAL- ing” (YOSHIOKA et al., 2020; BERGLOF; Sea”) was created, under the coordina-
again, should not be understood as syn- HO, 2018). Although it does not appear VELASCO, 2019) or “oceanic funding” tion of the Ministry of Economy. The TG
onyms. It focuses on the four most com- as a key term in Figure 6, the increase in (WABNITZ; BLASIAK, 2019). aims to: “Define the concept of a blue
monly used concepts, namely: blue econo- recent publications on the interface be- In the case of Brazil, there is still no economy/ economy of the sea for Brazil;
my, sea ocean economy, maritime econom- tween financialization and seas and ocean official definition of blue economy, sea identify its sectors and activities; prepare
ics and marine economy. issues is notable, as in An and Li (2020) economy, coastal economy and/or ocean a proposal for a methodology to measure

46 BLUE ECONOMY Economy and the Sea: Concepts and Definitions 47
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Economy and the Sea: Concepts and Definitions