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the PIB (GDP) of the Brazilian Sea; and Carvalho, commander of the Brazilian Navy 3.3. Marine economy In the case of OECD (2016), a reference
present a suggestion for consequent insti- (MB) at the time, created the concept of text on the issue, the ocean economy is es-
tutionalization”. Therefore, the country will Amazônia Azul (Blue Amazon) (SANTOS, The “marine economy” is more directly sential for the future well-being and pros-
adopt the concept of “economy of the sea” 2019; VIDIGAL et al., 2006). With about 5.7 related to marine industry and policies, ad- perity of humanity, being an essential source
and, within the scope of this TG, is discuss- million km2, which make up the Brazilian ju- dressing topics such as aquaculture, fisheries of food, energy, minerals, health, leisure and
ing ways of measuring and defining which risdictional waters and correspond to almost and ecosystem services. However, there are transport, on which hundreds of millions of
sectors will be included in the “GDP of the 70% of the Brazilian continental area, it is heterogeneous definitions of the concept, people depend. The ocean economy would
Sea”, fully or partially (SANTOS, 2021b). a political-strategic concept widely used by which makes its international comparison encompass ocean-based industries (such as
About the country, there is a doctoral the national defense sector. However, it is difficult (SURÍS-REGUEIRO; GARZA-GIL; VA- shipping, fisheries, offshore wind, and ma-
thesis that proposes the concept of econ- still little known by Brazilian society in gen- RELA-LAFUENTE, 2013). Wang (2020) and rine biotechnology), but also the natural as-
omy of the sea in Brazil, considering activ- eral, without an objective definition of the Yang and Cai (2020) analyze the industrial sets and ecosystem services that the ocean
ities directly and indirectly related to the economic activities considered, nor which structure, Zhou and Qu (2020) and Wang, provides (fish, maritime routs, absorption of
sea, covering 12 economic sectors in 17 regions are considered. Lim and Lyons (2019) approach the topic CO and similars).
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states and 280 municipalities facing the from an ecological perspective, while other However, long considered the tradition-
sea. Based on 2010 data, the Northeast re- 3.2. Maritime economics authors expand this perception, considering al domain of shipping, fishing and – since
gion of Brazil stands out in terms of coast- the tourism and the port sectors, respectively. the 1960s – offshore oil and gas, new ac-
al population (47.9%), with emphasis on Considering the networks of concepts Often, the term refers to marine life and tivities are emerging what are reshaping
the states of Bahia and Ceará, while the and the specialized literature, the “mari- (living) resources (MORRISSEY, 2017), hav- and diversifying the maritime industries.
Southeast concentrates the largest share time economics” is more directly linked to ing a strong influence from studies in Bi- In this way, the new “ocean economy”
of coastal GDP (56. 3%) and total formal maritime transport and innovation; there- ology and Oceanography, and even having is driven by a combination of population
jobs (47.4%), with emphasis on the State fore, it is quite specific and sectoral. This a close relationship with sustainability and growth, rising incomes, diminishing natu-
of Rio de Janeiro. In total, they represent concept is also closely associated with the biodiversity. Thus, it is common to see both ral resources, responses to climate change
about 17% of the national population, maritime cluster, competitiveness and stra- the terms associated with both industries and pioneering technologies.
19% of national jobs and 21% of national tegic management, thus, it is more focused related to the sea and marine resources According to the organization, while
PIB (GDP), with emphasis on the services, on logistics and port infrastructure and themselves. It is possible to find the term, traditional maritime industries continue to
offshore energy and national defense sec- maritime issues (MONIOS; WILMSMEIER, which, again, is broad and used in different innovate at a rapid pace, it is the emerging
tors (CARVALHO, 2018). 2020; CULLINANE, 2011; EVERS; KARIM, ways, linked to the management (political ocean-based industries that are attracting the
Recently, the “GDP of the Sea” TG 2011; STOPFORD, 2009). and legal) of activities related to the sea most attention. These industries include off-
presented a preliminary proposal for In turn, the notion of cluster is more re- (NORDQUIST et al., 2017). shore wind power, tidal and wave power; ex-
the concept, which may undergo even- lated to the policy or management model, ploration and production of oil and gas in ul-
tual adjustments during the ongoing closely related to efficiency and technologi- 3.4. Ocean economy tra-deep waters and exceptionally harsh envi-
negotiations. Thus, the economy of cal issues, since the spatial scope would lead ronments; offshore aquaculture; seabed min-
the sea would contemplate the total to the complementarity of companies and Some authors and some institutions ing; cruise tourism; maritime surveillance and
of goods and services, in monetary val- institutions in a given sector (PORTER, 1998; use the term ocean economy to refer to marine biotechnology, for example. The long-
ues, destined for final consumption and 2000). Even if it seems spontaneous, differ- the issue. This is the case, for example, of term potential for innovation, job creation
produced in the economic sectors asso- ent (public) policies can stimulate and sup- OECD (2019, 2016) and Colgan (2013). and economic growth offered by these sec-
ciated with the sea. port this arrangement. Santos and Carvalho Although it seems synonymous, some tors is impressive. It should also be noted that
Although there are still no official data (2020a), Yin, Fan and Li (2018) and Amdam authors use the term in the plural, using economic activity in the ocean is also charac-
on the Brazilian economy of the sea, in and Bjarnar (2015) use this approach to ana- the term economics of the oceans (HALL- terized by a complex variety of risks that need
2004 Fleet Admiral Roberto de Guimarães lyzing Brazil, China and Norway, respectively. WOOD, 2014; WILKINSON, 1979). to be addressed, such as overexploitation

48 BLUE ECONOMY Economy and the Sea: Concepts and Definitions 49