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ECONOMY AND THE SEA: 2. Economic Science and the sea

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS Focusing on the behavior of actors and (Trade Policy, International Trade Organiza-

Thauan Santos the concept of scarcity, the perception of tions), L71 (Mining, extraction and refining:
Economic Science about different resourc- hydrocarbon fuels), L72 (Mining, extraction
1. Introduction es has changed over time. In this sense, the and refining: other non-renewable resourc-
seas and the ocean, which play an essential es), L83 (Sports, gambling, restaurants,
Despite being a relatively recent discus- summarizes the results of the bibliometric re- role in the socio-economic, political and recreation and tourism), O13 (Agriculture,
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sion in the literature of Economic Science, search conducted in Santos (2021a, 2022); cultural development of societies, are no natural resources, energy, environment,
which effectively gained relevance from the this method helps to identify trends in knowl- longer just avenues for international trade other primary products), Q22 (Fisheries and
2000s onwards, there is a lot of confusion in edge and the themes/approaches of the giv- and/or means to make fishing viable. Con- aquaculture), Q25 (Water), Q42 (Alterna-
the area about the real contribution of the en discipline, dispersion of scientific fields, sequently, in addition to constituting a link tive energy sources ), and Z32 (Tourism and
sea and the ocean. In fact, there is a diversity more productive authors and institutions, and between different States and continents, development), for examples.
of concepts related to the ocean economy the most used journals in the dissemination the (re)recognition of the different resourc- In the JEL system, there is no mention
that involves different actors, sectors and of research in a given area of knowledge. The es present in these environments meant of the terms such as “marine”, “mari-
policies. Precisely for this reason, it is nec- scope of the survey covers the period 1959 to that, twenty years ago, it was already stat- time”, “blue”, “river”, “sea”, “ocean”,
essary to begin this handbook by clarifying 2020, including 1,351 documents. The fol- ed that in a (near) future their structure “coast” or “offshore”. These terms will
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such confusion and, for that, it is necessary lowing questions drive the key findings: would be compared to the productive sys- be discussed below, given their close re-
to have a clear definition of these concepts. (1) which countries are most relevant in tems in land in terms of diversification and lationship with the Ocean Economy. There
This chapter will make exactly the same clar- terms of publications and citations, and volume of resources (SOUVOROV, 1999). In are even few mentions related to the term
ification regarding the economic methods how has this evolved over time? this way, and due to the relatively recent “water”, a natural resource essential to so
and data for measuring the ocean economy (2) what are the main sources? notion that the seas and the ocean could many economic and industrial activities.
of the sea, so that both are essential for a (3) what are the most relevant and fre- play an even greater source of wealth and The term appears in the following codes:
full understanding of the debates carried quent keywords? income, the political design and conceptual L95 (Gas utility, pipelines, public water
out in the other chapters of this book. (4) what are the most promising lines of re- approach to deal with the issue are already utilities.), Q25 (Water), and Q53 (Air pol-
The term “economy of the sea” was first eminently complex and interdisciplinary. lution, water pollution, noise, hazardous
used by the academy in the first half of the search for future work? Because the Ocean Economy has inter- waste, solid waste, recycling).
19th century, in publications by Petersen and As a result of these questions, there is a faces with so many areas and subareas es- Associated with this complexity of is-
Jensen (1913) and Clarke (1935). At the be- general mapping of the research related to tablished in Economic Science, as well as sues, there are numerous conceptual con-
ginning of the discussion, the approach had this agenda, which will make it possible to un- for allowing studies of different method- fusions about the Ocean Economy. With
an explicit biological nature, evolving grad- derstand the qualitative nature of each con- ological natures, there is no standardized little national literature on the subject,
ually over time. Currently, concepts such as cept. Therefore, this chapter is structured as method for classifying academic literature most publications are in English and of-
blue economy, maritime economy, marine follows: after this brief introduction, the next in the economic field in the Journal of Eco- ten indiscriminately mention the following
economy, coastal economy, ocean economy section presents how Economic Science tradi- nomic Literature (JEL) classification system terms, concepts and/or areas: economy of
and ocean governance have been used syn- tionally considers the sea, bringing the main (SANTOS, 2019). Consequently, the stud- the sea, marine economy, maritime eco-
onymously, confusing discussions in the lit- results of bibliometric research. Then, the con- ies end up dispersed, making it difficult to nomics, blue economy, ocean economy
erature, society’s understanding of the sub- cepts and definitions for each of the terms consolidate a group of professionals and and coastal economy.
ject and the formulation of public policies. used in the literature are discussed, focusing researchers on the subject. It is possible to After this brief presentation of how seas
In order to contribute to the conceptual on issues, actors and agendas related to each find activities related to the Ocean Econ- and oceans are contemplated in economic
understanding of these terms, this chapter concept. Finally, some conclusions follow. omy in the following classifications: F13 theories and methods, a summary of the

38 BLUE ECONOMY Economy and the Sea: Concepts and Definitions 39