Page 254 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

territories (Water Basins, Coastal Zones form a preamble to the discussion on the from agriculture, marine pollution, and lit- air, sea and land, including their renewable
and Exclusive Economic Zone - EEZ) can integration of the Coastal Zone with the ter in the sea. Given the dependency re- or non-renewable resources, covering a
contribute to the development of a Blue Hydrographic Basins and with the Exclu- lationship between economic activity and maritime and terrestrial strip area”.
Economy, this chapter is structured as sive Economic Zone (EEZ), always consid- ecosystems, this type of pressure on marine The detailing of these two areas was
follows: first, a quick description of the ering the development of a Blue Economy. ecosystems can undermine the potential made official through Federal Decree
CZ in Brazil is presented, considering the Finally, some aspects of Integrated Coast- benefits obtained from the Blue Economy 5.300/2004, which regulated the PNGC, as
aspects and introducing the topics of its al Management (ICM) in Brazil are briefly activities (European Commission, 2020). follows: I - maritime strip: space that ex-
management delimitation. Then, a brief presented, seeking to deepen the impor- Considering all these premises, it is tends over twelve nautical miles, measured
panel is presented on coastal and marine tance of a solid planning basis focused on worth noting that one of the most relevant from the baselines, comprising, thus, the
uses and activities and their dependence the territory for the development of a rich issues for the application of management entire territorial sea; II - land strip: space
on Ecosystem Services. These two topics and sustainable economy. instruments in any part of the territory is comprised by the limits of the municipal-
its delimitation. And, for the CZ, this task ities that are directly influenced by the
2. The Coastal Zone of Brazil is not trivial. Several approaches are used, phenomena occurring in the CZ. It can
and the most basic takes geographic be seen that the definition of the mari-
Coastal Zones (CZ) are areas of great to dissociate the impacts of their effects space as a reference. A systematization of time strip space has a clear physical limit:
economic, environmental, social and pop- on CZ and marine environments (EGLER; these definitions can be found in Gruber et between the baseline and the 12 nautical
ulation interest, and such attractiveness is, GUSMÃO, 2004; NICOLODI; PETTERMANN, al. (2003), in which the authors contextu- miles, which, according to the United Na-
at the same time, a factor in generating 2010; POLETTE; LINS-DE-BARROS, 2012; alized these definitions from the point of tions Convention on the Law of the Sea,
opportunities and conflicts over the use of ASMUS et al., 2019; BRAGA et al., 2020). view of application in public policies and make up the Territorial Sea. Interestingly,
space and resources. This scenario derives A detailed diagnosis of climate changes international guidelines. this concept excludes the EEZ portion from
from the intense exploitation of natural re- and its influence on CZ was presented in Rodriguez & Windevoxhel (1998) de- the geographic scope of the ICM.
sources, disorderly use of the land and sea the First National Assessment Report of the fined the CZ as the space delimited by the For the terrestrial range area, the defi-
and little prioritization and effectiveness of Brazilian Panel on Climate Change, specifi- interface between ocean and land, that is, nition is more complex. The use of munic-
policies incident in this portion of the terri- cally in the chapter “Impacts, Vulnerabilities the terrestrial strip that receives maritime in- ipal limits is established in Federal Decree
tory, among others current socioeconomic and Adaptation” (PBMC, 2013). fluence and the maritime strip that receives 5.300/2004. According to this decree, Mu-
issues (MMA, 1996 and 2008). Climate changes affect all regions of terrestrial influence. Although this concept nicipalities covered by the land strip of the
Added to this complexity, the relevance the world. Ice sheets and glaciers are los- is relatively simple, for the purposes of di- CZ are: I. facing the sea, as defined in a list
of CZ in climate change scenarios is notori- ing mass, which contributes to accelerat- rect application in management it becomes established by the Brazilian Institute of Geog-
ously recognized (ASMUS et al., 2019) and ing global sea level rise. Extreme weather complex, since a clear definition of terri- raphy and Statistics - IBGE; II. not facing the
these must necessarily be considered, espe- events such as heavy rains, floods, heat torial units is crucial to planning. For Clark sea, located in coastal metropolitan regions;
cially when considering taking in account waves and droughts are occurring with (1996) and Gesamp (1997) the CZ polygon III. not facing the sea, contiguous to capitals
the drivers of change (BUSTAMANTE et more frequency and intensity which may extends from the limit of the Exclusive Eco- and large coastal cities, which present con-
al., 2019). According to the MMA (2008), lead to decreased availability of essential nomic Zone (EEZ) until the terrestrial limit urbation; IV. not facing the sea, distant up to
such drivers can be grouped into ‘natural’ resources, such as reduced availability and affected by the maritime influence (i.e.: cli- fifty kilometers from the coastline, including,
(physical, chemical, and biological aspects) quality of water in some regions. mate). Brazilian legislation has the concept in their territory, activities or infrastructure
and ‘anthropogenic’ (social, cultural, and Economic activities can also affect ma- of CZ defined, for the purpose of apply- of great environmental impact in the CZ or
technological aspects). Although the driv- rine ecosystems in a variety of ways: from ing public policies, in the National Plan for coastal ecosystems of high relevance; V. estu-
ers of natural origin are beyond the ability fishing and its impacts on the benthic Coastal Management - PNGC (Federal Law arine lagoons, even if not directly facing the
of society to control (droughts, cold waves, environment and marine populations, to 7.661/1988). This law defines coastal zone sea; VI. not facing the sea but having all their
cyclones, floods, and other), it is impossible oil spills, eutrophication, nitrate pollution as “the geographic space of interaction of boundaries with Municipalities referred to in

252 BLUE ECONOMIY The management of the Coastal Zone of Brazil 253