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coastal ecosystems leads to different re- eling results estimate that the trend be- Despite the efforts of the BrOA network, al., 2007; TANHUA et al., 2021), be initiated
gional responses (COTOVICZ et al., 2022). tween 1991 and 2011 of acidification and the capacity for observation and data analysis as a state strategy, aligned with the Devel-
We still do not have enough observa- increasing CO2 fugacity (f CO2, a proxy for of Brazilian marine ecosystems remains below opment Goal Sustainable 14 – Life on Water
tions to infer about ocean acidification the amount of CO2 in the ocean) at the sea the desired level when considering the extent from the 2030 Agenda and the United Na-
trends in coastal and oceanic regions of surface was -0.0016 ± 0.0003 pH units at and heterogeneity of the Amazônia Azul tions Decade of Ocean Science. Only in this
Brazil (KERR et al., 2016; COTOVICZ et al., -1 and 1.81 ± 0.32 µatm CO2 a-1, accord- (Blue Amazon). It is essential that a nation- way will it be possible to design public poli-
2022). In the tropical Atlantic Ocean, mod- ing to Lauvset et al. (2015). al program, aligned with the best practices cies for the adaptation and mitigation of the
of data analysis and transparency employed effects of ocean acidification on the country’s
by the international community (DICKSON et various marine ecosystems.
Figure 6
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10 N 5. Sea level rise: the case of the metropolitan region of Recife
The latest reports by the Intergovern- sandy beaches and wetlands. Such an im-
mental Panel on Climate Change con- pact, although felt globally, depends on local
EQ clude that the planet is unequivocally ex- peculiarities; therefore, it happens unevenly
periencing rapid warming, and this is due across countries, regions, communities, and
in part to human activities (IPCC, 2021). individuals as a result of different levels of

10 S Consequently, global mean sea levels will exposure and vulnerability. Furthermore, the
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continue to rise over centuries to millennia adaptation of coastal regions naturally rep-
under all emission scenarios. Sea level rise resents a greater challenge for developing
will accelerate further under high emis- countries than for more developed coun-
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20 S
sions (e.g., RCP8.5). These changes are tries, for mainly economic reasons.
projected to result in disruptive direct and In Brazil, sea level trends for different
indirect impacts on coastal ecosystems and places are different. For Recife, specifically,
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30 S
the livelihoods and infrastructure used by Harari et al. (2008) pointed to a sea lev-
tens of millions of people in the low-lying el rise of about 5.6 mm/year. Despite this
coastal zone (considered elevation <10 m gap, some studies have been dedicated to
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40 S
0
0
0
0
0
50 W 40 W 30 W 20 W 10 W 50 W 40 W 30 W above mean sea level). According to this coastal forecasts for future sea level sce-
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Source: Kerr et al. (2016) and other studies (NEVES and MUEHE, narios, such as Alfredini et al. (2008), who
1995; THIELER and HAMMAR-Klose, 1999; describe islands and urban areas as the
Figure 6. Main institutions in- buoys, and the coastal and shelf ar- ALFREDINI et al., 2008; SNOUSSI et al., most vulnerable to flooding in the medium
volved in the BrOA Network and the eas shaded in gray were highlighted 2008; VARGAS et al., 2008), the level rise and long term. Another study, prepared by
key ecosystems for monitoring in Bra- regionally: gray- light for the north- scenarios of the sea for the near future are Marengo et al. (2007) on a national scale,
zil. Panel A (left): The numbers rep- ern portion, medium gray for the of great concern. Recent results indicate an pointed out Pernambuco as one of the
resent the regional groups, according eastern region and dark gray for acceleration in the rate of sea level rise. most affected states by sea level rise. The
to the institutions, and the respective the south-southeast portion. Panel B
areas of study. The triangles indicate (right): key ecosystems, most vulnera- This acceleration in the rate at which sea same conclusion is demonstrated by two
the positions in 2016 of the SiMCos- ble to acidification, identified by Kerr levels rise not only increases the possibili- other studies: Neves et al. (2007) and Naca-
ta buoy network, the circles indicate et al. (2016): Coral reefs, mangroves, ty of intensified impacts – such as coastal rati (2008). According to these authors,
the position of the PIRATA (Prediction coastal lagoons, rhodoliths, pha- erosion, habitat loss and saline intrusion both natural causes and characteristics of
and Research Moored Array in the nerogam grasslands and areas under into coastal aquifers and rivers – but can occupation of urban space contribute to
Tropical Atlantic) meteoceanographic the influence of river plumes. also result in complete suppression of the high vulnerability of the area. In fact,

414 BLUE ECONOMY Ocean and Climate: New Challenges 415
414 BLUE ECONOMY