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The quantified areas of each coastal re- billion) in 2030. We also predict that, un- storms, wave conditions, floods, droughts, provide unprecedented detail on local cli-
source, for both scenarios, are represent- der the BAU scenario, Recife’s total carbon storms. tropical and extratropical cyclones, mate impacts. These will help improve ear-
ed in Table 2. The results indicate that, in emissions are forecast to grow 79.1% rela- heat waves and cold waves. ly warning systems and can be integrated
a critical scenario of sea level rise (1.0 m) tive to carbon levels. 2014 to the year 2030. Ocean extremes are critical as coastal into disaster preparedness and long-term
in 2100, significant increases in the area After examining the potential costs and regions are home to approximately 40% adaptation. Investment in in-situ obser-
impacted are expected when compared to benefits of the wide range of energy ef- of the world’s population and 75% of the vation platforms is necessary to improve
the 0.5 m elevation scenario above current ficiency, renewable energy and other low largest metropolitan areas are in coastal initial forecasting conditions and provide
mean sea level. carbon measures that could be implement- areas. Consequently, a significant propor- “ground truth” for model predictions and
Finally, regarding adaptation to climate ed in different sectors of the city, we found tion of global economic activity depends projections. Solutions that adapt to climate
change for the city of Recife, Gouldson et that – compared to BAU trends, Recife on coastal and oceanic zones, from fish- change can generate several co-benefits,
al. (2020) carried out a study to identify the could reduce its gas emissions by 2030 by: ing and agriculture to the exploitation of including progress towards the UN Sustain-
best ways to establish a low carbon city in (i) 24.3% through profitable investments in natural resources. In addition, coastal and able Development Goals (SDGs). Interdisci-
2030. The authors estimated that Recife’s the city that could more than self-finance/ oceanic regions are responsible for gen- plinary research is essential to identify the
GDP was R$35.6 billion (US$16.55 billion) sustain in commercial terms throughout erating renewable and non-renewable co-benefits and trade-offs of adaptation
in 2014, and if recent trends continue, we their lives. For this purpose, an investment energy and transporting 80% of globally strategies to optimize their planning and
estimate that GDP will grow to R$ 70.54 bil- of R$ 7.79 billion (US$ 3.32 billion) would traded goods. They also provide protec- implementation.
lion (USD 32.82 billion) by 2030. We also be required, resulting in annual savings of tion from weather-related extremes such In other words, “the oceans we need
find that Recife’s total energy expenditure in R$ 1.37 billion (US$ 585.25 million), return- as storms. Climate change will exacerbate for the future we want” advocates a grow-
2014 was R$ 3.40 billion (US$ 1.45 billion), ing the investment in 5.7 years. and gen- existing vulnerability and impacts, primarily ing level of scientific knowledge that is ca-
which means 8.7% of all revenue collected erating annual savings for the duration of through sea level rise and ocean extremes pable of identifying actions that guarantee
in Recife is currently committed to Energy. the measures; and (ii) 31.0% with no-cost such as coastal storms, extreme storms ecosystem services and the transition from
Increases in energy expenditures are esti- measures that could be paid by reinvest- (strong winds accompanied by waves of an Economy of the Sea to a Blue Economy.
mated at 12.1% of the city’s GDP by 2030. ing the profits generated by cost-effective extreme height), extreme tropical and ex- In this chapter, based on concrete exam-
The analysis results indicated that the measures. Such measures would require an tratropical cyclones, heat waves marine en- ples, we approach the state of the art of un-
continuation of the BAU trend in the period investment of BRL 14.91 billion (US$ 6.35 vironments, extreme deoxygenation, and derstanding some of the main geophysical
up to 2030 would increase energy use in Re- billion), generating annual cost savings of acidification events. These ocean extremes phenomena associated with climate change
cife by 94.1% compared to 2014 levels and BRL 1.35 billion (US$ 575.01 million), re- affect marine ecosystems, food availability, that have important consequences on the
that the total energy expenditure for the turning the investment in 11 years and and therefore local and global economies. ocean and climate and, consequently, on the
city will increase by 174.2% in compared generating annual savings for the duration As ocean extremes pose increasing chal- different sectors of the country’s economy.
to 2014 levels to R$9.32 billion (US$ 3.97 of the measures. lenges for coastal areas, climate adaptation Evidence of the role played by the At-
and coastal resilience must be key objec- lantic and Pacific oceans in the occurrence
6. Conclusions and perspectives tives in the planning and implementation of extreme weather events and their so-
of coastal zone policies. cio-economic and environmental impacts
The ocean plays a key role in water, en- intense, having a devastating effect on Successful adaptation draws on a wide in the region requires that the latter receive
ergy, and carbon cycles. It absorbs 93% marine ecosystems and local coastal com- range of resources, from science-based special attention. However, the mecha-
of excess heat from man-made climate munities. At the same time, the ocean pro- modeling to local community knowl- nisms of interaction between tropical ba-
change and a third of CO2 emissions. Con- vides heat and moisture to the atmosphere edge, and encompasses many types of sins and their implications for the regional
sequently, marine heat waves, extreme and as such is also responsible for increas- interventions, from engineered structures climate are still not well understood. There-
ocean acidification and deoxygenation ing precipitation, temperature and wind to nature-based solutions. In particu- fore, more in-depth studies are needed for a
events are becoming more frequent and extremes over sea and land, intensifying lar, next-generation climate models will better understanding of these mechanisms

420 BLUE ECONOMY Ocean and Climate: New Challenges 421