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Figure 3
Figure 3. GPI [panels a), b) and c)]; period March 19-29, 2004 (right pan-
absolute vorticity at 850 hPa [panels d), els – c), f), i), l) and o)] related to the
H2Ts
Ex Hy Hy H1 e) and f)]; relative humidity at 600 hPa climatology of March 1990-2019. Back-
clim a) b) c) 30 [panels g), h) and i)]; potential intensi- ground colors in the left panels show
wind shear (m s -1 ) pot. int. (m s -1 ) rel. humidity (%) vorticity ( x10 -5 s -1 ) GPI
20 2004 25 S 20 ty [panels j), k) and l)]; and wind shear the stage of the system as reported by
0
10 velocity between 850-200 hPa [panels McTaggart-Cowan et al. (2006): extra-
10 30 S 0 m), n) and o)] along the Catarina run- tropical (Ex), subtropical hybrid storm
0
-10 way/trajectory compared to 1990-2019 (Hy), tropical storm (TS), category 1
0 35 S 20 climatology (blue shading indicates a hurricane (H1) and category 2 hurri-
0
-30 standard deviation). Corresponding cane (H2). Catarina’s track is shown in
e) f) 3 anomaly maps for March 2004 [middle the anomaly panels where the colored
0 25 S 2 panels – b), e), h), k) and n)] and the dots indicate the start of each stage.
0
1
0
30 S
0
-5 10 Pezza and Simmonds (2005) argue that afternoon of March 24. This environment
20 TC Catarina started with the formation of gave rise to the highest GPI peak (Figure 3a),
35 S
0
-10 30 the CST, when the storm core began to which corresponded to the second highest
f) 30 change from cold to warm. Completion vorticity peak (Figure 3d). In addition, rela-
60 25 S 20 of the TC occurred on March 25, after the tive humidity was high for most of March
0
10 system experienced conditions particularly 24 (Figure 3g). At the same time, OHC was
40 0
0
30 S prone to tropical cyclogenesis during the mostly below climatology (Figure 4a).
-10
20 20
35 S Figure 4
0
-30
k) l) 8 H2Ts
0
60 25 S 4 3 clim 0.8
0
0 2004 25 S
0
40 30 S 2 0. 4
-4 0. 0
0
30 S
20 35 S -8 1 -0. 4
0
0
35 S -0. 8
40 h) o) 12 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 50 0 W 45 0 W 40 0 W 35 0 W 50 0 W 45 0 W 40 0 W 35 0 W
25 S 6 Days of March
0
30
0
30 S
0
20 -6 Figure 4. a) OHC along Catarina McTaggart-Cowan et al. (2006): extra-
trajectory compared to 1993-2018 tropical (Ex), subtropical hybrid storm
10 35 S -12 climatology (blue shading indicates (Hy), tropical storm (Ts – which here
0
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 50 0 W 45 0 W 40 0 W 35 0 W 50 0 W 45 0 W 40 0 W 35 0 W a standard deviation); and anoma- was defined as TT), category 1 hur-
Days of March ly maps during b) March 2004 and c) ricane (H1) and category 2 hurricane
between March 19-29, 2004, relat- (H2). Catarina’s trajectory is shown
ing to March 1993-2018 climatology. in the anomaly panels where the col-
Source Figures 3 e 4: Lauton, G et al. (2021)., Marta-Almeida, M., Dorfschäfer, G. S., & Lentini, C. A. The background colors in a) show the ored dots indicate the beginning of
D. (2021). Metocean modulators of the first recorded South Atlantic Hurricane: Catarina. Geophysical state of the system as reported by each stage.
Research Letters, 48, e2020GL091416. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091416
408 BLUE ECONOMY Ocean and Climate: New Challenges 409
408 BLUE ECONOMY