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Figure 2
Figure 2
Figure 2. Distributions of lagged linear and (e) WET-DRY year difference in the
correlation/regression (in mm month- period 1960-2015. The contours repre-
a ENEB MJJ(0) & (SST & WIND) ND (-1)J(0) b ENEB MJJ(0) & (SST & WIND) MJJ (0) -1/°C) of SST anomalies in (a) November- sent significant values at a 95% confi-
-January(-1) [NDJ(−1)] and (b) May-July( dence level. The vertical black lines (at
0) [MJJ( 0)] with the rain anomalies in 35° W) in (b), (c) and (d) indicate the eas-
the east of the NEB (magenta box) du- tern boundary of the NEB. Distribution
ring MJJ(0). The vectors represent the of lagged linear correlation/regression
linear regression (mm month−1/m s−1) of anomalies: (f) SST (colors; °C/°C) and
of the surface wind vector anomalies surface wind (vectors; m s−1/°C) (g) 500
(u and v; from the NCEP), with the rain hPa vertical velocity (colors; Pa s −1/°C;
anomalies in the east of the NEB. Sig- negative values indicate upward move-
nificant correlations at the 95% confi- ment) and sea level pressure anomalies
dence level are plotted for both SST and (outlines, significant correlation only)
wind. Contours indicate regions of cor- in tropical Atlantic MJJ with SST ano-
relation greater than +0.5 (solid black malies within the southeastern tropical
line) for TSM anomalies. The diagonal Atlantic (ARROW; 10° S-20 °S, 10°W-5°E;
band in Figure 2a indicates the propa- oceanic black box) in the NDJ. Only tho-
gation path of the SST anomalies from se correlations that are significant at a
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 east to west. Time-longitude diagrams 95% confidence level. The contours in
of SST anomalies composites standar- (a) indicate regions of correlation grea-
dized for: (c) WET years, (d) DRY years, ter than +0.5 for SSTA).

2.3. Extreme meteorological events in 518 injured and 11 dead. Losses totaled
c SETA ND(-1)J(0) X (SST, SLP, WIND & Omega) MJJ(0)
the South-Southeast region of Brazil: approximately US$350 million and 14
1
the case of Cyclone Catarina municipalities declared a state of public ca-
lamity (G1 on-line Santa Catarina; MCTAG-
Regarding extreme events in South GART-COWAN et al., 2006; PEREIRA FILHO
America, despite the ocean-atmosphere et al., 2010).
teleconnections and their consequences From this perspective, it becomes evi-
described above with a focus on the Trop- dent that the need to understand the varia-
ical Atlantic, the importance of extratropi- tions in intensity and frequency of extreme
cal cyclones in the south/southeast region events in a given region depends on how
of Brazil also deserves to be emphasized. comprehensive the scientific knowledge is
For example, the passage of an extratrop- about the environmental factors that con-
ical cyclone, which later gave rise to a trol them. In this context, the modulating
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 subtropical cyclone in the same area, was potential of the ocean has been increas-
related to the development of the first hur- ingly explored. In the case of Catarina, the
ricane ever documented in the South At- phenomenon that hit the coast of Santa
Source: Hounsou-Gbo et al. (2019) lantic: Catarina. It hit southern Brazil in late Catarina on March 28, 2004 was charac-
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March 2004, leaving more than 27,500 terized as a cyclone , and not a hurricane,
homeless, nearly 36,000 homes damaged, according to Cunha et al. (2004) citing

404 BLUE ECONOMY Ocean and Climate: New Challenges 405
404