Page 207 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

Figure 1. Submarine cables map to 8,000m deep (pressure equal to 800 (SP), Salvador (BA) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
atmospheres). The structure of the com- as shown in the image below:
Caribe
EUA ponents, including the optical compo- In the governance of this complex sys-
nents, is of very high reliability, normally tem, the National Telecommunications
assuring 25 years of service life. Agency (ANATEL), the Brazilian Institute for
Puerto Viejo the Environment and Renewable Natural
Panamá The first submarine cable was opened Resources (IBAMA) and the Brazilian Navy
VENEZUELA
Guatemala in Brazil in 1857. It was part of the first (MB) stand out as regulatory bodies, each
EUA Buenaventura África e
Portugal Brazilian telegraph line connecting Praia with a specific attribution, MB is responsible
COLOMBIA da Saúde, in Rio de Janeiro, to the city of for authorizing the installation of subma-
Petrópolis with 15 km of submarine cable rine cables, in accordance with the Rules of
in a line whose length was 50 km. the Maritime Authority and the Waterway
Fortaleza In 1874, the first all-subsea cabling proj- Traffic Safety Law (LESTA), which define the
PERU ect, inaugurated by D. Pedro II, was com- necessary operational records when in Bra-
pleted. It connected the cities of Rio de Ja- zilian Jurisdictional Waters (AJB).
BRASIL neiro, Salvador, Recife and Belém. The fol- The Port Authority, as agents of the Mar-
Lurin lowing year, a new line connected the cities itime Authority, are responsible for monitor-
of Recife, João Pessoa and Natal. Also, in ing the authorization processes for the in-
1875, Irineu Evangelista de Souza, the Bar- stallation of submarine cables in their areas
Arica on of Mauá, participated in the organization of responsibility and forwarding documents
Rio de Janeiro
São Paulo and financing of the installation of the first referring to the projects to the Directorate of
CHILE
international submarine cable in the coun- Hydrography and Navigation (DHN), as well
try; installed by the British Eastern Telegraph as the plant end of situation – georeferenced
Florianópolis Company, connecting Brazil to Portugal. document forwarded, at the end of the sub-
Currently, submarine cables in Brazil and marine cable installation, to the Navy Hydrog-
in the world are made of fiber optics and al- raphy Center (CHM) so that it can then be
URUGUAY
low the transport of all types of digital infor- mapped in official nautical documents and
ARGENTINA mation — that is, telephone, internet, and does not represent any risk to navigation.

Valparaiso other data. The existing submarine cable In international terms, the United Na-
Las Torinas
network Brazil is complex; of the 278 sub- tions Convention on the Law of the Sea
marine cables currently in use in the world , (UNCLOS), in its article 79, grants the right
10
six of them pass through Brazil. to States to lay submarine cables on the
In Brazil, there are four main connection continental shelf and on the high seas, pur-
points, the most important being Fortale- suant to article 87.
za (CE), which is considered by the inter- Considering the interest that some big
national community as a large interconti- techs like Google, Facebook, Microsoft and
nental hub, functioning as a connecting Amazon have as investors in new subma-
pole between several telecommunications rine cables, due to their high capacity and
systems via submarine cables. The other stability in data traffic, this market becomes
Source: Oliveira (2021) three relevant hubs are located in Santos more and more important and vital in the

204 BLUE ECONOMY Ocean Governance as a Communication Vector 205
204 BLUE ECONOMY