Page 675 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

infrastructure (depth, berth and handling since it consists of changing the type of However, a complete decarbonization demands in the short and medium term
equipment). This makes them hub ports, fuel used by vessels. Over the years, there of the fleet of approximately 50,000 large will be a challenge for the national indus-
since these ships bring a large number of has been a process of transitioning the merchant ships should reach different lev- try, but also a great opportunity to gener-
containers to be unloaded at each stop. supply of energy to ships from sailing to els in each country, as it will require ac- ate employment and income in the mar-
In addition to reducing the cost per slot, steam and fossil fuel. tions that involve financial incentives, local itime port sector. It should be noted that
per container transported, there is the en- It happens that the decarbonization technological development, an efficient these changes should involve all sectors of
vironmental aspect. The increase in the size process means using alternative fuels such supply chain for the ship parts industry, navigation, from long-haul, cabotage and
of container ships also allowed for a reduc- as nuclear, liquefied natural gas - LNG, hy- shipyards, support and policies at interna- river navigation, as these are emission re-
tion in the equivalent ton of CO . As fuel drogen, ammonia, methanol, renewable tional and regional level, due to the ~3% duction targets that countries are commit-
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consumption does not grow exponential- energy sources, fuel cells and electricity, to contribution of the maritime sector to ting to meet, up to the requirements of the
ly with the growth of the size of ships, it reduce the amount of CO released into greenhouse gas emissions. These actions International Maritime Organization (IMO).
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is natural that the emissions as a function the atmosphere during the operation of must be combined, as they must require So, all this is a paradigm shift for the
of the total cargo transported decreases. the ships. Other fuels and technologies, an international and regional industry to industry, which is still based in the bunker.
Thus, the savings generated as a result of such as biofuels, could in the near future meet this demand, in addition to training This technological race was motivated by
the greater volume transported also bene- help decarbonize the shipping industry, specialized personnel. the IMO so that ships can reach the targets
fits the environmental indicators of ships. but each has significant barriers in terms Some of the alternatives to mitigate set for 2030-2050. Basically, the reduction
Also in this sense, mineral bulk ships of cost, resources, operational risks, distri- CO emissions are already available in some in CO emissions from maritime transport
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have also grown in size in recent years. Un- bution and supply infrastructure, storage, classes of ships, such as the use of shore must be at least 50% by 2050 compared
til 2008, the biggest ship for the transport toxicity, transport and acceptability. (AL- power. The action of supplying electrical to the 2008 baseline. The very renewal of
of iron ore was the Berge Stal, which had ENAZI et al., 2021). energy to ships in ports requires the instal- the existing fleet in 2021, which will need
the capacity to transport 360,000 t. As of In addition, fuel consumption can be im- lation of equipment (transformers and con- to complete its cycle between 2040 -2050,
2006, VALE started the VALEMAX vessel proved by various efficiency improvements verters), socket plugs, electrical installation should bring equipment that is already ad-
project, to transport 400,000 t of ore. The (such as optimizing lines and hull shape, for medium voltage (4 to 6.6 KVA), adap- equate to achieve the indices established
first ships of the class went into operation cleaning the hull to reduce biofouling and tation of substations and berths, as well as by the IMO in terms of reducing CO emis-
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in 2010, which brought a revolution to the improving the propeller, among others), commercial strategies for the provision of sions, whether operating at sea or in ports
iron ore transport market. About 30 ships use of rotating sails (Flettner rotor), sails for this service to the ship in port. in a more efficient manner from an envi-
of this class were added to the fleet. This propulsion such as Sky Wind and the use of It is the same situation regarding the ronmental point of view.
allowed a reduction in the total cost of iron batteries for electric ships, in addition to op- infrastructure needed to supply ships
ore transported, since at the time this mar- erational actions such as reducing the speed with LNG. There are already ships dock- 1.4 The maritime transport market
ket was dominated by Capesize class ships of “slow steaming” ships, optimizing routes ing in Brazilian ports capable of receiving during Covid-19
(±180,000 t). and monitoring port queues, adjusting berth- this fuel, but there is still no supply infra-
ing windows and energy supply electricity for structure, especially for cruise ships and The maritime transport market had a
1.3 Decarbonization of the fleet ships in the “shore power” port. In practice, bulk carriers. With the increase in demand very well-known rhythm until 2019, con-
for each type of ship it is likely that differ- for ships that will call at ports with this sidering its typical fluctuations over the
Many environmental demands in the ent alternatives will be identified in order technology on board, it will be necessary years, depending on economic cycles,
last 10 years have affected the shipping in- to achieve a reduction in emissions. As an that integrated actions in terms of coun- variations in supply and demand and po-
dustry, but I don’t think any of them have example, in November 2021 Yara launched try are adequate to meet these needs at litical and economic influences, before
as significant an impact as the fleet de- the first autonomous vessel YARA Birkeland, the national level. Taking Brazil as an ex- the advent of Covid-19, where processes
carbonization process. This means one of equipped with batteries with a capacity of 7 ample, a country with continental dimen- were even mapped, functioning in a cer-
the biggest changes of the 21st century, MWh, titled as a zero-emission vessel. sions, adapting all 37 public ports to these tain harmony. An analysis of time charter

672 BLUE ECONOMY Maritime Transport and Port Infrastructure 673