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OCEAN AND CLIMATE: NEW CHALLENGES

ARISING FROM CLIMATE CHANGE

Moacyr Cunha de Araújo Filho
Letícia Cotrim da Cunha
Gbekpo Aubains Hounsou-Gbo
Regina Rodrigues
Carlos Alessandre Domingos Lentini

1. Introduction

Regions that have a significant part of et al., 2019, in the case of the Brazilian
their economies based on rain-dependent semi-arid region). Flagship of Brazilian ex-
agricultural and/or livestock production are ports, for example, the analyses warn of the
very vulnerable to interannual climate vari- risks of agribusiness, because the reduction in
ability, with notable socioeconomic impacts the productivity of agriculture and livestock
on the local population. Findings from the will have important consequences for the na-
latest report by the working group on the tional economy and for subsistence, food and
scientific basis of climate change, prepared nutritional security of thousands of people.
by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate But the impacts are not limited to land-
Change (IPCC, 2021), indicate that climate based food production. Climate change will
change will have a profound impact on also cause important changes in commer-
the entire food production system in the cial and freshwater and marine subsistence
world, with negative consequences for ag- fisheries and aquaculture. The increase in
ricultural production, including the risk of ocean temperature, particularly in tropical
increased hunger and the consequent in- regions, has caused already visible threats
tensification of migratory processes in vari- to different marine ecosystems, such as cor-
ous parts of the planet. al reefs, which play a key role in maintain-
A key example is the direct relationship ing biodiversity and the life cycle of thou-
between deforestation in the Amazon Rain- sands of species. In addition to the effect
forest and the national economic dynamics of thermal stress, these changes have mod-
of Brazil, involving risks to the maintenance ified the ocean-atmosphere exchange of
of food, energy, water, and socio-environ- CO2, resulting in water acidification, with
mental security in the country (e.g., ARAUJO important impacts on several species, many

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Ocean and Climate: New Challenges