Page 435 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

It is important to first mention that the sions were launched, beginning in the 1990s. servers. In the last two decades, the ocean- registered in its database; these data were
characteristics of observational sampling Topographic structures and faunal species ographic community as a whole has been provided by national and foreign organiza-
depend on the phenomenon to be stud- are discoveries with each scientific expedi- trying to share practices and adopt proce- tions, arising from commissions carried out
ied and other factors, such as feasibility tion in areas of the deep and polar oceans; dures in which successive actors increase by Brazilian Navy and merchant ships, by
and available resources. In general, for any (ii) study specific physico-biogeochemical the added value of the chain from raw data the national scientific community and by
scientific study, the longer the time series processes and provide a basis for the con- to the final stage of well-organized data- foreign research vessels in waters under Bra-
of data, the better information on low-fre- struction of statistical and mathematical bases accessible to the end user. zilian jurisdiction. The BNDO represents the
quency variability at interannual, decennial relationships, the so-called parameteriza- Currently, ocean data portals such Brazilian contribution to the International
and larger scales is retrieved. The shorter tions, to be used in numerical models for as the US National Oceanic Data Center Oceanographic Information and Data Ex-
the interval between measurements is, the simulating and forecasting the ocean circu- (NODC) and Europe’s Copernicus Marine change program of the Intergovernmental
better the information on high frequency lation or the Earth system; Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Oceanographic Commission (IOC). The base
variability at intraseasonal, diurnal and tur- (iii) validate and investigate the quality of provide access to various levels of observed houses data from different sensors, including
bulent scales is assessed. numerical models in simulation and predic- and processed ocean data, covering differ- meteoceanographic data from the Nation-
Second, the ocean is just one compo- tion modes; ent types of users and uses, for example: al Buoys Program (PNBOIA) and tide gauge
nent of the climate and Earth system, made (iv) together with data assimilation meth- (i) raw data for pure scientific use and cal- data. Some data are available for download,
up of the atmosphere, the cryosphere, the ods and numerical models, build the initial ibration; such as those from the PNBOIA, and others
surface of the continents, and the bio- condition of short-term and longer-scale (ii) “clean” data treated after calibration, need to be requested by e-mail. The BNDO,
sphere. The variability of the ocean at all forecasting systems; validation and reduction of uncertainties however, lacks improvements to facilitate the
scales is closely linked to that of the other (v) build the so-called reanalyses, i.e., long for a certain type of instrument and plat- availability of the data it houses and, with
components, so that many oceanic processes time series produced by data assimilation sys- form, to be used in scientific studies by this, to expand the benefits that the use of
cannot be studied independently. Therefore, tems, observations and models, which allow specialists; data brings to scientific advances and to the
it is mandatory that the observed data from a more accurate representation of the past (iii) high-level data from post-process- entire chain of services produced by the vari-
the ocean be made available in databases climate and, therefore, allow a better under- ing, usually combining different types of ous sectors of our society that directly or indi-
that also provide data from the other compo- standing of the climate and its changes. measurements and platforms of a certain rectly are associated with the sea.
nents of the terrestrial system or that, at least, magnitude (e.g., sea surface temperature Global ocean observation systems have
indicate access to them. The broad benefit of Another aspect is the diversity of ac- estimated by satellites), which are spatially undergone a real revolution in recent de-
observational systems depends on the way tors, technologies and programs that to- ruled and mapped at a regular frequency, cades. Among the most relevant milestones
in which data is stored and made available day collect observations of the ocean. The with accuracy well defined in order to fa- achieved for its improvement, we can
alongside other types of data. broad benefit of these observations also cilitate investigation, visualization and then mention: (i) the TOPEX/POSEIDON altime-
Oceanic processes and the marine eco- depends on associated information or try satellite, launched in 1992, which pro-
system are far from completely understood. “metadata” that inform the ways of mea- transfer and use by end users who are not duced unprecedented information on the
experts in processing the raw data. These
Ocean observations are critical and used suring the quantities, the precision of the ocean products provide access to monitor- mean and absolute dynamic topography
initially to reduce knowledge gaps to: instruments and the specifics of the data ing most Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs). of the global ocean, ocean circulation and
(i) discover, observe and identify unknown collection platforms (e.g., plane versus ship tides ( MUNK, 2002); (ii) the organization
oceanic processes and biodiversity, and fur- versus moored buoys). This can be facilitat- In Brazil, the highlight is the National of high resolution sea surface temperature
ther extension of the ocean’s “knowledge ed by the adoption of agreements to ap- Oceanographic Database (BNDO) maintained (SST) data by the Group of High Resolution
map”. For example, the bathymetry mapping ply common standards and best practices by the Navy Hydrography Center (CHM). It Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) (DON-
of the global ocean at a medium scale (8-10 (PEARLMAN et al., 2021) in measuring, cal- was created in 1994 and has oceanograph- LON et al., 2007), fundamental to serve as
km, TOZER et al., 2019) was only completed ibrating, and transferring information from ic, bathymetric meteorological information a boundary condition for forecast mod-
when altimetry and gravimetric satellite mis- raw data to information processed in data and data, including some estuarine regions, els short-term weather and ocean climate

432 BLUE ECONOMIY From Observation to Data Use 433