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de la pax pradier. French translation of   ON U. S. POLICY CONCERNING NATURAL                                     Notes
               P. Pradier-Podère. Paris: PUF,1999.     RESOURCES OF SEABED AND FISHERIES
               INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF SHIPPING       ON HIGH SEAS. 1945.                                                       1 From the English exploration (includes ac-  5 However, both Emperor Otto IV, in the trea-
               (ICS). Explaning Shipping. Available at:   ROCHA, Rosa Maria Souza Martins. O mar                                 tivities such as research and discovery of re-  ty of August 1209, and Frederick II, in the
               https://www.ics-shipping.org/explaning/.   territorial: largura e natureza jurídica.                              sources) and exploitation (which effectively   treaty of September 20, 1220, implicitly rec-
               Access on: Mar. 20, 2022.               Porto: Universidade Portucalense, 1996.                                   includes the withdrawal of resources from   ognized the dominion of Venice by agreeing
               MAROTTA RANGEL, Vicente. Jurisdição     SCHIMITT, Michael N.; GODDARD, David                                      the sea, refinement, production). In Portu-  the right of navigation for their ships. [...] The
               internacional: considerações preambulares.   S. International Law and the military use                            guese there is not such a precise differentia-  cities that protested are ignored and some of
               In: Estudos em Homenagem à professo-    of unmanned maritime systems. In: Inter-                                  tion of terms. However, it is necessary to dif-  those that, like Bologna and Ancona, decide
               ra doutora Isabel de Magalhães Collaço.  national Review of the Red Cross, v. 98,                                 ferentiate them when studying the regulation   to resort to arms, are defeated, imposing on
               Vol. 2. Lisboa: Almedina, 2002. p. 643-652  n.2, 2016, p. 567-592.                                                of the use of the seas, as they are regulated   them as a condition of peace the recognition
               MATTOS, Adherbal Meira. Os novos lim-   SCHOOLMEESTER, T.; BAKER, E. Con-                                         in a different way. For example, article 153 of   of this domain and the duty to pay the tribute.
               ites dos espaços marítimos nos trinta anos  tinental Shelf: the last Maritime Zone.                               the United Nations Convention on the Law of   6 Until the 18th century, the idea of cannon
               da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o   Stocholm: UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 2011.                                       the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982, in its original En-  fire was widely accepted in the international
               Direito do Mar. p. 21-66. In: BEIRÃO, An-  Available at: https://gridarendal-web-                                 glish version, regulates the “System of explo-  community, being used as a standard for land
               dré Panno; PEREIRA, Antônio Celso Alves   site-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/                                  ration and exploitation”. In the Portuguese   dominance of the sea adjacent to the coast,
               (orgs.) Reflexões sobre a Convenção do  documents/:s_document/102/original/                                       translation it was called “Exploration and ex-  as we will see later.
               Direito do Mar. Brasília: FUNAG, 2014.   Shelf_LastZone_sept2010_march2011.                                       ploitation system”. Likewise, Annex III of the   7 One can cite here the texts of Serafim de
               p. 21-66.                               pdf?1483646561. Access on: Mar.                                           Convention. Thus, it is clear that the option in   Freitas entitled Of the Rightful Asian Empire
               MELLO, Celso D. de Albuquerque. Alto    10, 2022.                                                                 the national translation for the term “exploita-  of the Portuguese, whose main objective is to
               Mar. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2001.     SCOVAZZI, Tullio. The evolution of in-                                    tion” in the UNCLOS was “utilization”. The   refute the ideas of Grotius. Or John Selden,
               MENSAH, Thomas A. The Dispute Settle-   ternational law of the sea: new issues,                                   doctrine seems to use the term “exploitation”   who would publish his work in 1635 under
               ment Regime of the 1982 United Nations   new challenges. Collected Courses of the                                 more. We can quote here, for all, the text by   the title Mare Clausum, becoming the English
               Convention on the Law of the Sea. In:   Hague Academy of International Law, n°                                    MATTOS, Adherbal Meira. The new limits of   spokesman against the thesis of freedom of
               Max Planck Yearbook of United Na-       286, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 2000.                                   maritime spaces in the thirty years of the   navigation.
               tions Law, Vol. 2, p. 307-323, 1998.    SILVA, José Luís Moreira da. Direito do                                   United Nations Convention on the Law     8 PRESIDENT TRUMAN’S PROCLAMATIONS
               KARAMAN, Igor V. Dispute Resolution in  Mar. Lisboa: AAFDL, 2003.                                                 of the Sea. pp. 21 - 66. In. BEIRÃO, André   ON U.S. POLICY CONCERNING NATURAL
               the Law of the Sea., Netherlands: Marti-  SLOUKA, Zdenek.  International Custom                                   Panno; PEREIRA, Antônio Celso Alves (Orgs.)   RESOURCES OF SEABED AND FISHERIES ON
               nus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012. p. 319.   and the Continental Shelf: A Study in the                                 Reflections on the Convention on the Law   HIGH SEAS. 1945: “[...] the Government of
               KOH, Tommy T.B. A Constitution for the   Dynamics of Customary Rules in Internation-                              of the Sea. pp. 21 – 66. FUNAG, Brasília;   the United States regards the natural resourc-
               Oceans. Remarks by Tommy T. B. Koh, of   al Law, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1968.                               2014, P. 50. In any case, there is an express   es of the subsoil and seabed of the continen-
               Singapore. President of the Third United   TANAKA, Yoshifumi. The International                                   differentiation in the conventional text and in   tal shelf beneath the high seas but contig-
               Conference on the Law of the Sea. 1982.  Law of the Sea. 2. ed. London: Cam-                                      the doctrinal works of what would be the ex-  uous to the coasts of the United States as
               O’CORNNELL, Daniel Patrick.  The Inter-  bridge, 2015.                                                            ploitation of resources (research) and the use   appertaining to the United States, subject to
               national Law of the Sea. Vol I e II. Ox-  VENTURA, Fabiana Abreu do Valle. A                                      (or exploitation) of these resources.    its jurisdiction and control.”
               ford: Clarendon Press, 1982.            inter-relação entre a organização                                         2 On the subject, see ROCHA, Rosa Maria   9 PRESIDENT TRUMAN’S PROCLAMATIONS
               OXMAN, Bernard H. The Territorial Temp-  marítima internacional (IMO) e a                                         Souza Martins. The territorial sea: width   ON U.S. POLICY CONCERNING NATURAL
               tation: a Siren Song at Sea. In: Journal of   Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre                                   and  legal  nature.  Portucalense  University,   RESOURCES OF SEABED AND FISHERIES ON
               International Law 830:2006, p. 716-742.  direito do mar de 10 de dezembro de                                      Porto; 1996. P. 10.                      HIGH SEAS.  1945: “NOW, THEREFORE, I,
               PARDO, Arvid. Who will control the sea-  1982 (CNUDM). AAFDL, Lisbon, 2005.                                       3 Hammurabi’s Code of Laws (circa 1780   HARRY S. TRUMAN, President of the United
               bed? Council on Foreign Relations, Vol.   ZANELLA, Tiago. Manual de Direito                                       B.C.)                                    States of America, from hereby proclaimed
               47, No. 1, New York, 1968.              do Mar. Belo Horizonte: Editora D’Pláci-                                  4 The Laws of Manu (Manusmriti) (1500 B.C.   the following policy of the United States of
               PRESIDENT TRUMAN’S PROCLAMATIONS        do, 2017.                                                                 to 200 A.D.).                            America with respect to coastal fisheries in



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