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technology is needed. There are challeng- potential value of exploring the sea? And variations, the economic values (shad- ue is captured from the perception of users
es such as water pressure, volatile weather this matter is relevant to guarantee an eco- ow prices) of the environmental resources and potential beneficiaries: hedonic pric-
conditions, abyssal depths, and the complex nomic feasibility study corresponding to whose availability variation is being analyzed es, when a market is simulated seeking to
interaction of water chemical conditions, the exploration of the oceans. Without the are indirectly estimated. The benefit (or cost) obtain the value of each of the properties
which generate particular currents, ecosys- value perspective, it becomes difficult to de- of varying the availability of the environ- identified in the natural resource; travel
tems and resources. In the limit, the same sign any project. However, at this point, the mental resource is given by the product of costs, in which the value is associated with
technologies of software, materials, com- theory of valuation of natural resources can the varying quantity of the resource times its displacements based on interest in the nat-
munications, production of images, elec- collaborate in helping projects by determin- estimated economic value. For example, the ural resource; others such as the marginal
tronics, etc., that are produced in the space ing the value of installments and potential loss of soil nutrients caused by deforestation productivity method, the substitute goods
race, are also produced in the exploration remunerations arising (LIMA, 2018). can affect agricultural productivity, or the market method, the avoided cost method,
of the oceans. Brazil can already experience First, we must realize that the economic reduction of the level of sedimentation in a the control cost method, the replacement
and notice a significant result of this poten- value of environmental resources is derived basin, due to a revegetation project, can in- cost method and the opportunity cost
tial with the discovery and feasibility of the from all their attributes and, second, that crease the useful life of a hydroelectric plant method (LIMA, 2018; MOTTA, 1998).
exploration of oil found in the pre-salt layer, these attributes may or may not be associ- and its productivity (MOTTA, 1998). In the economic valuation of environ-
at a depth of five thousand meters. ated with a use. Thus, we want to empha- Although capable of measuring existence mental goods and services, the choice of
Oceanic exploration has more encour- size that valuation techniques are predomi- value, the application of MVC is not trivial method to be used in each study will de-
aging potential economic results than plan- nantly focused on the value of stocks, rather and can generate highly biased results if cer- pend on a thorough analysis of what is in-
etary exploration, brings equal technologi- than the value of flows. With the value of tain procedures are not correctly followed. tended to be evaluated, as all existing meth-
cal challenges, and there are not so many the stocks in hand, only then is it possible to Valuation can be used both to assess the con- ods in the literature have advantages and
actors involved at this moment in history. build the flows that the project will present in tribution that ecosystems make to well-being shortcomings (LIMA, 2018).
For a century that sees an emphasis on en- the exploitation of a natural resource (LIMA, and to measure the incentives considered by In terms of contribution to sustainable
vironmental sustainability and technology, 2018; SANT’ANNA, 2010). decision makers to manage ecosystems and oceanic development, the Contingent Val-
the ocean appears to be an obvious field of It is common in the literature to disag- the consequences of alternative measures to uation method may be the most used due
economic and social development. gregate the economic value of the environ- existing ones (MOTTA, 1998). to its flexibility, efficiency, and ability to es-
International experiences and project mental resource (VER) into use value (UV) and Changes in the quantity and quality of timate value as a whole. Regional organiza-
financing around the world are growing non-use value (NUV). The use value, in turn, environmental services, for example, can tions characterized by sustainable environ-
in terms of funding instruments and mo- is subdivided into three other values. Direct be valued as they generate costs or ben- mental management must be concerned
dalities. This especially applies in the trend Use Value (DUV), Indirect Use Value (IUV) and efits for human activities (LIMA, 2018; with the environmental issue as a prima-
related to ESG (Environmental, Social and Option Value (OV) (MOTTA, 1998). SANT’ANNA, 2010). ry and strategic factor and, consequently,
Governance); there is a perception that the If the environmental resource is an input There are several existing methods of meet the requirements of the dimensions
funds will also increase in value when activ- or a substitute for a private good or service, environmental economic valuation, such of conservation, preservation, and environ-
ities are directed to this dimension. these methods use market prices of this as contingent valuation, in which the val- mental control (LIMA, 2018).
This is the first advantage for the future private good or service to estimate the eco-
of ocean exploration as a whole: there will nomic value of the environmental resource 4. Financing to the Blue Economy
be, to the extent that there is a connection (MOTTA, 1998). Thus, the environmental 4.1 National experience and are applied in all lines, including the fi-
with ESG values, funds available in large benefits or costs of variations in the availabil- suggestions nancing of ocean activities and specific
and increasing amounts. ity of these environmental resources to soci- instruments for the sector. In this section
However, there would remain an essen- ety can be estimated. Based on the prices of The practical modalities for applica- we will present these alternatives, divided
tial problem that gradually finds increas- these private resources, generally assuming tion to the financing of the Blue Econo- by this characteristic, (1) general and (2)
ingly common solutions: how to know the that they do not change in the face of these my can be described in instruments that specific to the sector.

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