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companies account for about 36% of fishing ocean, Brazil has traditionally been a voice for the BBNJ, as well as the difficulty of creating in the economic, financial, and commer-
on the high seas (CARMINE et al., 2020). In multilateralism and international law. Brazil new rules in the Antarctic Treaty System and cial spheres. On the contrary, the UN 2030
other words, less than 10% of the actors pro- signed and ratified dozens of treaties relevant the Arctic Council. While shipping, pollution Agenda was designed to reduce the harm
duce more than a third of the fish. Meanwhile, to the ocean and related activities (OLIVEIRA, and tourism are old challenges, the regula- and risks caused by the economic accelera-
estimates of illegal, unreported, and unregu- 2018). Currently, there are several important tion of genetic sequencing and benefit-shar- tion, including blue acceleration.
lated (IUU) fishing increase every year, due to agendas for Brasilia, such as the revitalization ing processes remains at an incipient stage. The science, technology, and innovation
the high financial return. FAO estimates that of the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Therefore, if there is no adequate regulation agenda, along the same lines, offers a clear
26 million tons of fish result from IUU fishing Zone (ZPCAS), the uneven proliferation of for anthropic activities, it is more a function picture of division between powers that
each year. Among the reasons for IUU fishing regional fisheries organization organizations of the preferences of some actors than a have the capacity to reform the institution-
are legal and institutional loopholes, such as (RFMO) (TOMÉ, 2020), the confirmation of function of the complexity of the biosphere. al architecture and make the most of access
freedom of the high seas, the effects of trea- the limits of our continental shelf after the de- The economic, financial, and commer- to marine resources, and others. Scientific
ties on third parties, and non-existent or light nunciation of the Brazilian contract with the cial agenda has an institutional architecture production is the basis of development in
sanctions (BAPTISTA, 2017). ISA, the finalization of both the BBNJ treaty that is currently out of step with Chinese the three agendas, and therefore the con-
Ocean governance is not limited to the and the Mining Code. All these are topics as supremacy and the fast empowerment of servative power structure does not encour-
Blue Economy. On the contrary, growth complex as they are relevant to the Brazilian private actors. Ocean governance faces age justice and allocation.
and sustainable development require more Blue Economy and sustainable development. serious socio-ecological risks, starting with The three agendas above demonstrate
sophisticated research agendas and a para- Future research dealing with these topics are climate change, in a way comparable to that global governance can be analyzed
digm shift from the “first arrived, first served necessary to improve the Brazilian participa- the economy in general, with its accelera- with different research lenses, and that
race” to “global justice”. In the immense tion in global ocean governance and the pro- tion promoted precisely by the great pow- ocean governance, in this case, reproduc-
and still inadequate governance of the motion of global justice. ers and big companies. Therefore, it is no es historical market-led patterns consoli-
longer a question of great power competi- dated by the great powers. Power, com-
Conclusion tion limited only to sovereign states. While merce, and science are inextricably linked
powers and companies stand out from the when it comes to the ocean. In this con-
Ocean governance largely reproduces geopolitics; economic, financial and com- others in terms of extractive activities (food text, Brazil is not necessarily in the group
the structures and power relations inherited mercial; and STI - point to evidence that production and mining), services (trade, of great powers. The country has the po-
from the Cold War. In other words, global is neither new nor unpredictable that the navigation, and tourism) and research (bio- tential to compete in several sectors, and
governance has not yet fulfilled its promise Blue Economy has seen the ocean more as technology, nanotechnology, artificial intel- that is why the Blue Economy needs to be
of prevailing the force of law over the threat a “new Eldorado”, whose riches can be ligence, robotics, among other areas), the studied in depth, especially in geopolitics
of the use of military force, let alone expand- selfishly appropriated by individual actors, costs of activities are socialized for every- concerning the development of ocean
ing collective security and social justice to a than a support system for life on the Planet one. As with the power agenda, justice governance, more specifically in the South
planetary scale. In other words, the interest of that needs to be treated in a sustainable, and allocation are not priorities for actors Atlantic and Antarctica.
the P5 (five nuclear powers and permanent inclusive and fair way.
members of the UN Security Council) prevails The geopolitical agenda makes it possible References
over the 5P interests promoted by the 2030 to argue that regulatory gaps in internation-
Agenda (people, planet, peace, prosperity, al law, both at sea, maritime, commercial, ANDERSON, Natali. Marine Biologists governance architecture: an analysis
partnerships). In this sense, it is less important climate, environmental and labor, among Discover Enormous Breeding Colony of of the climate negotiations under the
to know who all the actors involved are than other branches, are the result of the interac- Icefish. Science News, January 17, 2022. International Civil Aviation Organiza-
to analyze the power relations among them. tion of great powers and new stakeholders. Available at: https://bit.ly/3gzV4zq. Access tion (ICAO). Dissertação (Mestrado em
Through the research lens of “allocation Four cases are of paramount importance: on: Feb 4, 2022. Relações Internacionais). 2018. Instituto
and justice”, the three governance agendas - the negotiations in the Mining Code and ANSELMI, Marcela. Conflictive climate de Relações Internacionais, Universidade

184 BLUE ECONOMY Ocean Governance: the Beacons of History 185