Page 182 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

seabed grabbing or ocean grabbing. Since claims filed up to 2019 were granted, only The blue acceleration can be found in natural resources on its Continental Shelf.
the 2001 Russian Arctic election, another 48% of the seabeds currently considered different sectors. Marine aquaculture, for This led to reactions from other countries
83 states have submitted claims, definitively common heritage of humanity (CHM) would instance, has gone from less than 5 tons and consensus on the need to develop the
transforming the geopolitical landscape. If all remain, according to Jouffray et al. (2020). in the 1970s to almost 60 tons in 2020. law of the sea. Besides the lessons learned
About 13,000 marine genetic sequences from the Second World War, with the use
Figure 2 - Blue Acceleration in Graphics
have been patented since the turn of the of submarines, the expansion of fishing and
millennium. Sea freight transport has qua- mining increasingly far from the coast, as
drupled since 2000 and today accounts for well as the colonial wars, raised the ocean

60 Marine aquaculture 1,6 Deep hydrocarbons 1,6 Deep-sea minerals Desalinated seawater about 2.5% of carbon dioxide emissions to the top of multilateral agendas, in the
60 (VIRDIN; ÖSTERBLOM; JOUFFRAY, 2021). middle of the Cold War. In this context, two
Thousand megawatts 20 Thousand megawatts 8 4 Million km 2 0,8 Million km 2 40 20 equality on a global scale (UNDESA, 2020), important treaties were established for the
1,2
12
40
In addition to indicators of growing in-
subject: the Antarctic Treaty, of 1959, and
0,4
FRAY et al., 2021) constitute an impor-
of the Sea, of 1982 (UNCLOS).
0 0 0 0 blue risks (BENNETT et al., 2021; JOUF- the United Nations Convention on the Law
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
tant challenge for global governance. First, In 1959, under the leadership of Wash-
Marine genetic resources World Ocean Database 8 Shipping Submarine cables
12 12 6 1,2 the effects of human action tend to affect ington, the Antarctic Treaty was adopted,
Thousand megawatts 8 4 Thousand megawatts 8 4 Million km 2 4 Million km 2 0,8 more vulnerable populations that depend of weapons, and would be used only for
by which the icy continent would be free
directly on marine resources, due to factors
0,4
ranging from contamination of the coastal
scientific research purposes, in the general
2
zone by chemical elements to ocean acidifi- interest of humankind. The territorial claims
0 0 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
cation resulting from global warming. Plas- of Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, Nor-
30 Cruise tourism Offshore windfarms Marine protected areas 40 Extended continental shelf
tic pollution, the loss of biological diversity, way, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom
30
20 30 the intensification of fishing, navigation, were neither contested nor accepted, only
Thousand megawatts 10 Thousand megawatts 10 Million km 2 20 10 Million km 2 20 and tourism in specific areas, among oth- suspended by the Treaty. A single regime
20
was established, under which other States
er activities, contribute to threatening the
10
health of the ocean, as well as the health could become Parties, on condition that they
0 0 0 0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
and livelihood of populations that most prove substantial scientific research to the
depend on it, such as fishing communities other Advisory Members. There are currently
Source: Jouffray et al. (2020, p. 47) (VIRDIN; ÖSTERBLOM; JOUFFRAY, 2021). 29 consultative (voting) members, including
The Blue Acceleration From the perspective of geopolitics and Brazil, and 25 non-consultative members. It
the construction of the rules of the interna- is important to highlight that the internation-
Global trends in (A) marine aquaculture protection; (F) accumulated number of tional game, the Hague conference, held in al regime created is partially detached from
production; (B) deep offshore hydrocar- casts added to the World Ocean Data- 1930 under the auspices of the League of the UN rules, as it is a sovereignty-free space.
bon production, including gas, crude oil, base; (G) container port traffic measured Nations, shortly after the great crash of the Consequently, the provisions of the Conven-
and natural gas liquids below 125m; (C) in Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEU);
total area seabed under mining contract (H) total length of submarine fiber optic New York Stock Exchange, did not result tion on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya
in areas beyond national jurisdiction; (D) cables; (I) number of cruise passengers; in international commitments concerning Protocol, for example, do not apply directly
cumulative contracted seawater desali- (J) cumulative offshore wind energy ca- the issue of expansion of sovereign rights to the region and, in the absence of specific
nation capacity: (E) accumulated num- pacity installed; (K) total marine area over the sea. In 1945, based on custom- agreement on the subject, regulation on ac-
ber of marine genetic sequences asso- protected; (L) total area of claimed ex- ary law, then-President Truman declared cess to genetic resources is still incipient in
ciated with a patent with international tended continental shelf. the right of the United States to control the region (LIU; BROOKS; QIN, 2019).

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180 BLUE ECONOMYBLUE ECONOMY Ocean Governance: the Beacons of History 181