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construction of the EU was strongly marked response to the Washington Consensus. more sophisticated definitions, with analyti- Russia, notably after a Russian test caused
by the need to create institutions to strength- In this decade, the UN held several world cal and theoretical frameworks that refer to insecurity for the operations of the Inter-
en the Bloc, and by the enormous challenge conferences with an unprecedented level our ability to shape the future (WOODS et national Space Station, in January 2022.
of promoting the participation of European of participation by its members, to address al., 2013), due to megatrends that lead to a thus, with the Orbital Prime Program, US
citizens in decision-making processes to over- the economic, commercial, social and en- double power shift. Firstly, a shift from the authorities intend to regulate the issue with
come the “democratic deficit” identified in vironmental agendas, aiming at building a West to Southeast Asia, with the consoli- support from the private sector.
the literature of the time. In this sense, gov- new international order. Despite the per- dation of the Sino-Russian energy-strategic Although some authors describe the
ernance also meant creating mechanisms for sistence and even deepening of the North- axis and with the Chinese project to imple- phenomenon as a “multilateralism crisis”,
dialogue, improving accountability and build- South divide, given the increasing concen- ment the New Silk Road, evidenced by the we defend something closer to the theo-
ing trust to legitimize new processes of po- tration of income in the North, there were concern of the West at the G7 summit in ries of hegemonic stability, when the most
litical integration and delegation of powers. positive results in the sense of promoting December 2019. Two years later in Liver- powerful states sponsor their preferences
With the successive enlargements of the EU more robust multilateral agendas, but with pool, the G7 mentioned Russia and China inside and outside the UN system. Likewise,
and the development of its political-norma- mitigated results. In this context, it is worth as “global aggressors” in the context of the concept of security underwent changes
tive framework, the governance challenge highlighting the Agenda 21, adopted at the the Ukraine invasion. Second, a shift from during the second half of the 20th centu-
became even greater. Other blocs, such as United Nations Conference on Environment the public to the private sector, in which ry, indicating an update of its implications,
the North American Free Trade Agreement - and Development (Rio-92), the Millennium companies become powerful actors in the thus altering the perception that the State
NAFTA (United States, Canada and Mexico) Agenda, which established the Millennium agendas for energy transition, technologi- would be the only relevant actor. In this vein,
and Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Development Goals - MDGs (from 2000 to cal innovations and the exploration of outer Buzan’s (1983) proposal for the human com-
and Uruguay) in the 1980s-90s, contributed 2015), and the Agenda 2030, which estab- space, the high seas and the deep seabed. ponent to gain importance in safety studies
to the debate on regional governance. lished the Sustainable Development Goals - Regarding the “justice and allocation” re- contributed to the environment becoming
Along these lines, the promotion of SDGs (from 2015 to 2030).. Among the var- search lens, we will use three entry points for one of the decisive sectors in this perspec-
multilateralism as an organizing principle ious multilateral and regional agendas that reflection on global governance: the geopoli- tive. In short, to guarantee their security
of international relations served to engage are of interest to the process, three factors tical perspective (power resources); econom- and international security, States need to
emerging poles of power in the construc- are most relevant to the origin and evolution ic, financial, and commercial (financial re- do more with fewer power resources. In
tion of the “new order” during the George of the use of the concept of governance: sources); and science, technology, and inno- this scenario, States are forced to navigate
H. W. Bush administration. In addition to the North American hegemony with the re- vation (knowledge resources and capabilities). contexts of increasing complexity and un-
the growing and asymmetrical economic vitalization of the UN as guarantor of global From a geopolitical perspective, “justice certainty (PRANTL and GOH, 2022).
and commercial interdependence between governance and with the endorsement of and allocation” rarely enter the strategic From an economic, financial, and com-
States (PRANTL, 2021), factors such as grow- the EU; the growing relevance of the WTO calculus. When they enter, they serve to mercial perspective, the end of the Second
ing multipolarity, the need for reforms in the and international development banks (OR- guarantee the sovereign rights of the most World War led to the establishment of the
UN system to accommodate technological LIANGE, 2020), including the BRICS Bank powerful states, but not of all collectively. so-called “Western liberal order” (PRANTL,
powers such as Japan and Germany, as well (RAEL, 2022) and the Asian Infrastructure In- The interests of the great powers prevail, 2014), anchored in the Euro-Atlantic axis.
as diverse stakeholders, were added. Also, vestment Bank - AIIB (CUNHA et al., 2019). which shape the logic of collective action for Its most relevant characteristic today is the
the development priorities of the so-called Furthermore, the emergence of econom- the common good, institutionalized mainly empowerment of giant companies, whose
“Third World” in the 1960s, more recently ic powers, notably China, India and Brazil, in the UN and gradually less effective. One direct impact on global governance is sig-
treated as the “Global South” were included needs to stay on the radar. Of the three, Bra- of the most emblematic cases today is that nificant. In addition to not being adequate-
in the multilateral agendas (BARROS-PLATI- zil has lost the most relevance and capacity of space debris, which, in addition to being ly considered in Public International Law
AU and SOENDERGAARD, 2021). for multilateral dialogue in the last decade. poorly regulated by international law, usu- (VARELLA, 2012), they compete or collab-
The 1990s were then considered by With the new millennium, the concept ally ends up at the bottom of the sea. The orate with state actors in the regulation of
Western literature as the “UN Decade”, in of global governance has evolved to much issue involves the United States, China, and international relations in all sectors.

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Ocean Governance: the Beacons of History