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Figure 1. Earth System Governance Project Research Framework the UN and with specific mandates, often The second group of organizations cor-
guided by debates within the General As- responds to the Bretton Woods institutions,
sembly and/or the Security Council. Topics created shortly after the Second World War,
such as hunger and poverty, development, on the fringes of the UN system: the Inter-
fair trade, food security, human security, national Monetary Fund (IMF), the World
global climate change, migration, among Bank System and the General Agreement
many others, have become recurrent in the on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). In 1995 the
agendas of the United Nations Food and Ag- WTO updated the trade architecture. There
riculture Organization (FAO), United Nations were other initiatives over the subsequent
Industrial Development Organization (UNI- decades, created with their own governance
DO), the United Nations Development Pro- and principles, in addition to international
gram (UNDP), the United Nations Environ- development financing banks, such as the
ment Program (UNEP) and the International Brazilian National Bank for Economic and
Labor Organization (ILO), among others. Social Development (BNDES), among other
The UN system adopted the concept of arrangements. As they work according to
governance from the Report of the Com- the logic of financing and economy, the con-
mission on Global Governance (UNCGG, cept of governance that they contributed to
1996). As adopted, the concept of gover- consolidate refers to the capacity of each
nance carried a strong regulatory burden, in country’s government to honor its economic
the name of the general interest of human- and financial commitments, combined with
Source: Earth System Governance kind. It served, to a large extent, as a general its political alignment. Thus, what mattered
Science and Implementation Plan
(2018, p. 19). Available at: https://bit. call to solidarity among peoples and to the less was the legitimacy and quality of the
ly/3B0LrU5. Access on: Feb. 7, 2022 creation of synergies between the different regime in power, and more interested in its
Part 1 – Global governance in international relations stakeholders, from the public and private ability to pay its debts with good predictabil-
sectors (market and organized society). The ity and avoid the risk of a radical change of
Global governance is an interdisciplinary Africa and Asia, and the emergence of message was that the unipolar international government. For the international economic
concept widely used since the 1990s due to mega-regional agreements, implying uncer- system, with the order assured by the Unit- and financial system, the flows of loans and
the international context at the time, the in- tainties for global trade governance (WOODS ed States, the victorious superpower of the investments are connected and correspond
stitutional architecture in the process of con- et al., 2013; BOHNENBERGER, 2016). Cold War, would be more stable, secure, to the starting point of governance. Far
solidation and the UN agendas. The 1990s The institutional architecture corres- and just. In other words, before completing from the normative concept and sovereign
were marked by economic and technological ponded to the scenario of strengthening fifty years, the UN could finally exercise the equality of the UN system, the idea of “good

competition, energy crises, the Afro-Asian the Euro-Atlantic political-economic axis, functions of regulating international rela- governance” was very close to corporate
decolonization process, and the Gorbachev of the Soviet collapse and the beginning tions for which it was created. This percep- governance concepts, with imposed models
doctrine, to name just a few. The latter led to of the Chinese ascension in the multilateral tion could be summarized as the prevalence for economic success, as in the case of the
the end of the Cold War and the so-called bi- boards. In this way, three major groups of of Public International Law and the limita- Washington Consensus of November 1989.
polar order. As a result, the environment has organizations that help to explain the ori- tion of the use of force. In simple terms, it The third group of major actors that
become favorable to the creation of the World gin of the term governance in international would be a unique opportunity for the UN contributed to the evolution of the concept
Trade Organization (WTO), the strengthen- relations deserve to be highlighted. to function, given the end of the East-West of global governance is composed of the
ing of regional economic blocs in North The first group is composed of intergov- divide, or the “victory of the West”, with its European Union (EU) and the emerging
America, the Southern Cone, and Europe, ernmental organizations under the aegis of model of democracy and free trade. ones, mainly China, India and Brazil. The

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174 BLUE ECONOMY