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OCEAN GOVERNANCE: THE BEACONS rity. The stability and predictability necessary (ROCKSTRÖM et al., 2009; STEFFEN et al.,
for a more just and inclusive order would 2015), “blue acceleration” (JOUFFRAY et
OF HISTORY AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE be enhanced with the institutionalization of al., 2021; WOR 7, 2022) and Anthropo-
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM international relations. The United Nations cene (CRUTZEN and STOERMER, 2000;
(UN) would be, finally, the privileged locus GOUDIE, 2017). The first was based on
of multilateral negotiations (BARROS-PLA- different variables related to maintaining
TIAU and SOENDERGAARD, 2021). The a “safe operating space” for humanity,
Ana Flávia Barros-Platiau expectation was that the paradigm of while the Anthropocene refers to the ac-

Guilherme Lopes da Cunha “collective security” would no longer be cumulation of old and new challenges for
just for members of the same strategic alli- our future (FRÉMAUX, 2019; DAUVERGNE,
Carlos Henrique Tomé ance, notably NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 2021; CADMAN, HURLBERT, SIMONEL-
and would therefore be “globalized” in LI, 2021; ROSE and DADE, 2022) and for
line with the “indivisible security” and “the ocean management (LEVIN and POE, 2017;
general interest of humankind”. BARROS-PLATIAU and OLIVEIRA, 2020).
However, this hypothesis has become In the context of the blue acceleration,
increasingly contested due to the fact that the project “Governance of the Earth Sys-
the “new order” of the late 20th centu- tem” (ESG Project) and its research frame-
ry did not lead to the expected results of work became an important avenue for
Introduction global governance. Even today, the great reflection for managing the quality of the
challenges of combating hunger, poverty, environment and life on the Planet. This ap-
The ocean is a unique, complex and es- (visible or not actors with diverse interests corruption, violence, and environmental proach suggests not only an interdisciplinary
sential system to support the life on plan- in negotiation agendas) public and private, degradation persist (JOUFFRAY et al., 2021; scientific perspective, but also an overview,
et Earth (WOR 7, 2022), overlapping the with formal or informal public mandates. It YOUNG, 2021). According to the UN An- with its inherent complexity. Thus, the an-
legal, political and geographic divisions requires an analysis of how they interact, nual Reports, consistent with several oth- alytical framework proposed in the 2018
of seas and oceans and connected with based on the premise that recent history er recent world reports, the quality of life ESG Project Scientific Plan will be used as a
climate science (BORG, 20221; EZER and and the structure of the international sys- on Earth has worsened significantly, with starting point, as shown in Figure 1 below.
DANGENDORF, 2022; NICHOLSON et al., tem have led to a fragmented and ineffec- income concentration and social injustices The main question of this chapter is how
2022). Despite its increasingly recognized tive diplomatic and legal framework that unprecedented in recent history (UN, 2019, does ocean governance fit into and dialogue
importance, there are challenges and ques- has directly shaped ocean governance. This 2021; UNDESA, 2020). The crises accumu- with global governance? More specifically,
tions that continue to demand effective re- implies that the opportunities and obstacles lated with the Covid-19 pandemic further to what extent does recent history and the
sponses from the international community. for promoting planetary sustainability and aggravated the situation on a global scale international system contribute to shaping
Among other relevant questions, we could the “green economy” (UNEP, 2011; KASZ- (SACHS et al., 2021; WEF, 2022). ocean governance? In this context, we will
ask: who governs – or should govern - the TELAN, 2017) are largely reproduced for From the perspective of global sustain- first analyze the concept of governance in
ocean and its riches that are still so little the Blue Economy history. ability, despite major advances in some general, with the contextual conditions of
explored? Would the waters, the seabed The concept of governance was widely multilateral agendas, the 20th century was Figure 1 above, notably the Anthropocene,
and the marine resources beyond national used to mark the end of the Cold War and marked by the increased use of fossil ener- and with the research lens “justice and allo-
jurisdiction be space and matter without an the bipolar order, allowing for a new order gy sources (JANCOVICI and BLAIN, 2021). cation” (part 1), and then we will focus more
owner (res nullius) or of all (res communis), based on Public International Law and rules Paradigms that warn of greater damage specifically on the case of the ocean (part 2),
under free exploitation? The answer is not of the international game that would allow and risks occurring more frequently and ending with a brief reflection on Brazil (BAR-
limited to a list of interested stakeholders States to coexist with more peace and secu- intensely prevail, such as “planetary limits” ROS-PLATIAU and BARROS, 2017).

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