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of innovation diplomacy in the marine sec- the fact that Brazil is an important scientific While epistemic communities may be There are not many cases in which
tor, which holds so many possibilities for partner in the South Atlantic, it is essen- among the main agents responsible for power has listened to science for deci-
technological and social innovation (e.g., tial that we look at the current context in articulating such principles, norms and sion-making in the field of international
THOMPSON et al., 2018). To this end, it will which investments in research and devel- rules, the extent to which they diffuse cooperation (GONÇALVES, 2021). Some
be important to increase international co- opment are depleted and there is a clear and are embedded internationally has positive examples are the agreements
operation and strategies based on science scrapping of research institutions in the to do with the political influence of the dealing with stratospheric ozone and Eu-
diplomacy, through which Brazil expands country (GALVÃO-CASTRO et al., 2022). members of the epistemic community: ropean acid rain, which are widely hailed
the exchange of scientific and traditional Allied to this ominous reality, there is also their ability to persuade others, its abili- as effective and grandiose international
knowledge and guarantees better access a popular increase in science denial, be- ty to consolidate bureaucratic influence environmental governance efforts of the
to foreign technologies and inputs, while coming important obstacles in the search at key institutional sites and its ability to contemporary era (HAAS, 2001; MILES
pursuing the objectives of its foreign policy. for the development of a Brazilian Blue maintain influence over time. The interests et al., 2002). Other examples include the
Despite the welcome movement of iso- Economy, which is in itself so deficient in and decisions of states to implement state Mediterranean plan to deal with pollution
lated entities in the Government to pro- knowledge of our waters and sustainable power are therefore subject to consensual (HAAS, 1990) and even the case of Atlantic
mote the Brasil Inovador brand allied to means of exploitation. knowledge (HAAS, 2015). bluefin tuna, which after years of neglect
In particular, an epistemic community is of science and scientific advice finally had
4. Opportunities: paths to science diplomacy and Blue Economy a group of professionals, often from several a significant improvement in the health
different disciplines, who share the follow- of its population (GONÇALVES, 2021). On
Science has a long history of catalyzing in particular, consensus knowledge in poli- ing essential characteristics (HAAS, 2015): the other hand, there are anomalous cas-
cooperation in international spaces and cymaking. For the author, consensus-based es where the argument has failed, such as
providing knowledge for foreign policy to science can play an independent and im- . Shared principled beliefs: these be- desertification and whaling (HAAS, 2015).
ease geopolitical tensions. However, despite portant role in influencing and even re- liefs provide a value-based database Science will influence decision-makers
the wide acceptance of the importance of shaping the interests of states. Thus, from for community members’ social action; when the institutional design of the agree-
science for the formulation of public poli- the perspective of the epistemic commu- . Shared causal beliefs or professional ment allows for an organized scientific view
cies, there are still divergent perceptions of nity, environmental regimes can be driven judgment: such beliefs provide analytic and includes a strong and influential group
how, when and under what conditions sci- not only by state powers, but also by epis- reasons and explanations of behavior, of experts who have “usable knowledge”.
ence influences policies and, consequently, temic networks under certain conditions. offering causal explanations for the Although usable knowledge has been used
on the way in which the interaction be- The central argument is that, normative- multiple links between possible polit- in different contexts and situations, the term
tween science and policy must be better ly, epistemic communities provide better ical actions and desired outcomes; encompasses a substantive core that makes
organized (LIDSKOG, SUNDQVIST, 2015). scientific advice than other modes of policy . Common notions of validity: inter- it useful to policymakers and a procedural
Comparative studies of environmental re- guidance, because expert judgment is like- subjective criteria, defined internally to dimension that provides a mechanism for its
gimes confirmed that organized and usable ly to be warranted. Unlike other organized validate knowledge. This allows com- transmission from the scientific community
knowledge had a significant influence on interest groups active in politics and pub- munity members to confidently differ- to the policy world (HAAS; STEVENS, 2011).
the effectiveness of these regimes (HAAS, lic policymaking, epistemic communities entiate between warranted and un- There is an increasing need to prioritize
STEVENS 2011; HAAS, 2015). have internal beliefs that make them warranted claims about world states science in Brazil. Even more to prioritize
Peter Haas argues that, through the more likely to provide information that is and policies to change those states; ocean sciences, which includes not only
development of an epistemic communi- politically unaltered and therefore more . A common policy enterprise: a set of the natural sciences, but also social, hu-
ty, science can play an important role in likely to “work” in the political sense that practices associated with a core set of manities, and applied social sciences.
shaping political decisions and enhancing this information will be framed and fol- problems that must be addressed, in the This becomes even more relevant in the
processes of cooperation and diplomacy. It lowed by political authorities regarding the belief that human well-being will be im- context of the Ocean Decade, where the
emphasizes the importance of science and, need to be impartial (HAAS, 2015). proved as a result. term “ocean science” encompasses natural

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