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of resources, as it plays a key global role the sphere of States and comprise a set cooperation in accordance with institution- main objective of global governance is to
in relations between countries, particularly of situations in which states and groups al rules and regulations. Although cooper- improve the current state of the environ-
from an economic and geopolitical point (individuals, NGOs, companies) interact ation in an anarchic environment can be ment towards sustainable development
of view. The Atlantic, particularly in its are imperative. In order to overcome ocean difficult, reviews of international relations (RIBEIRO, 2012; NAJAM, PAPA & TAIYAB,
southern portion, below the Equator, was environmental challenges a perspective of over the last 30 years have shown that co- 2006; YOUNG, 2021).
the historic stage of European coloniza- global environmental governance needs to operation can often be achieved by mak- However, the future of ocean gover-
tion with consequent humanitarian disas- be in place. Global environmental gover- ing global governance more effective (KE- nance as a possibility to effectively face the
ters (BRUNELLE, 2013). nance occurs through the set of organiza- OHANE, 1984; KRASNER, 1983; SNIDAL, serious socio-environmental challenges of
The ocean is considered fundamental tions, policy instruments, financing mech- 1993; YOUNG, 2017; 2021). the 21st century depends on factors that are
to the global economy. While shipping anisms, rules, procedures and norms that The expression “global governance” related, but can be classified as structural
supports 90% of the global trade net regulate global environmental protection began to be legitimized among research- and conjunctural for the purpose of inevita-
volume, there are over 6,000 oil and gas processes (YOUNG, 2017). ers and key actors on the political scenario ble analytical reduction. The structural fac-
facilities in operation worldwide that sup- The setup of this global environmen- since the late 1980s. Global governance tors include the very notion of governance
ply 25 to 30 percent of the world’s ener- tal governance agenda basically aims stands for the activities that allow institu- and its diffusion. It has been more difficult
gy. The global fishing industry generates to allow cooperation and diplomacy to tional frameworks by which nation-states than one could imagine to convince govern-
jobs for around 180 million people and be achieved to solve major environmen- govern the common good without the ments, international organizations, compa-
provides a primary source of protein for tal problems, with a progressive partici- need for a central governmental entity. nies, and even civil society, that the solu-
over 1 billion people (FAO 2020). In ad- pation of a broader set of stakeholders Such activities include the contribution of tion to many of the ocean environmental
dition, estimates of the economic value (GONÇALVES, COSTA, 2011). With the civil society in addition to national gov- problems cannot be restricted to traditional
of traded and non-traded environmental growing influence of science in diplomat- ernments and international organizations. mechanisms of coercion and formal author-
services (supply of food, oxygen, water ic decision-making, in particular in ocean (ROSENAU, CZEMPIEL, 2000; GONÇALVES, ity. But it is also not about rejecting the tra-
and climate regulation) sums up to a total governance, it is essential to understand COSTA, 2011; YOUNG, 2017). ditional forms of the exercise of power. The
of US$21 trillion per year. (CONSTANZA, the dynamics between research and in- In addition to the decentralization of challenge is to incorporate dimensions that
1999; HALPERN et al., 2012). ternational relations, a central theme of power, the sharing of decisions and the have acquired strategic importance, based
This magnitude and interdependence Ocean Science Diplomacy (POLEJACK, involvement of new non-state actors, such on institutions and extra-state cooperation
of different sectors of society demands a BARROS-PLATIAU, 2020). In this sense, as supranational powers, the private sector organizations to make negotiation process-
global perspective of ocean governance this chapter seeks to discuss the relevance and civil society organizations, global gov- es aimed at building consensus capable of
to deal with problems that transcend of scientific cooperation and science diplo- ernance faces the challenge of the dizzying guaranteeing applicability and continuity in
the limits of sovereignty and geopolitics. macy to ocean governance and economy, amplification of issues that are also regu- space and time more effective.
Therefore, mechanisms that are not in with a focus on the Brazilian case. lated at the level of multilateral regimes Science diplomacy may contribute to
and organizations (CHASEK; WAGNER, this regard, as scientific evidence has be-
2. Overview: relevance of the ocean in cooperation and diplomacy 2012). This is the case, for example, of the come a determining factor in environmen-
ocean. There is no core of authority that tal consensus at the international level. The
Over the last few decades, internation- under the United Nations since 1921, and regulates countries’ activities in the ocean. scientific evidence available today both
al institutions have progressively addressed more than 90 International Environmental Instead, what exists is a coordination cen- points to the planetary limits, within which
ocean environmental challenges. Over 700 Agreements since the United Nations Con- ter represented by the United Nations (UN) humanity can operate safely, as well as also
multilateral environmental agreements ference on the Environment held in Stock- and its agencies, as well as periodic sum- discusses innovative solutions in the search
dealing with ocean challenges are estimat- holm in 1972 (CHASEK; WAGNER, 2012). mits between its members. Within the UN, for a more sustainable planet. In this sense,
ed (MITCHELL, 2003). In addition, there These agreements seek to protect and governance is a form of articulation, not a science becomes a critical actor in interna-
are more than 155 agreements registered recover the environment by stimulating commanding force. For some scholars, the tional decision-making processes. Thus, the

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