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4. Sea and ocean in the 2030 Agenda Table 1. Blue Economy in Agenda 2030 beyond SDG 14, by SDGs and targets

SDG/
As highlighted in section 2, only SDG 14 they highlight its close relationship with Targets 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 a b c d
is mentioned frequently when talking about SDGs 2, 6, 12, 13 and 15, especially when 1 X X X X X
the sea and ocean in the context of the 2030 it comes to pollution, protection, resilience, 2 X X
Agenda – even though the different sectors ocean acidification, overfishing, sustainable 3 X X
of the Blue economy and, by extension, management, loss of biodiversity, IUU fish- 4 X X X X X X
5
X
their interfaces with other SDGs, are known. ing (at the national level), nutrition, scientif- 6 X X X X X X X
Therefore, with national and geopolitical ic cooperation, economic contribution, and 7 X X
impacts, these sectors contemplate much ocean health. ICSU (2017) highlights that 8 X X X X X
more than just “marine life” (SDG 14 fo- SDG 14 is among those that most interact 9 X X X X
cus). It is not argued here that the approach with the others, having strong relationships 10 X X
of the SDGs is inadequate or inappropriate, with SDGs 1, 2, 8, 11, 12 and 13, totaling 61 11 X X X X X X X
X
12
X
or that something different should be imple- (positive interactions), 1 (neutral interaction) 13 X X X X
mented from what the world has done and and 35 (negative interactions). The publi- 14 X X X X X X X X X X
has been doing should be done. However, cation indicates an analysis beyond trade- 15 X X X
there is relevant simplification and significant offs and synergies through the seven-point 16 X X X X
biological bias when looking at seas and scale, suggesting some extra relationships 17 X X X X X X X
Source: Own elaboration based on UN (2016, 2017b)
the ocean only through SDG 14 in the 2030 between SDG 14 and others not mentioned Tabela 1. Economia Azul na Agenda 2030 além do ODS 14, por ODS e metas.
Fonte: Elaboração própria com base em UN (2016, 2017b).
Agenda, and often in the Ocean Decade. above – in line with Santos (2019).
In view of the proposed grouping of Singh et al. (2019, p. 317) argue that 2019) from the appropriate stimuli if mutual 11, 13, 16 and 17, SDG 14 has trade-offs
SDGs already presented, van Soest et al. “change is expected to negatively influence policies and strategies occur. These SDG 14 and no associations with other SDGs in the
(2019) show little interaction between SDG marine ecosystem services through global interconnections and trade-offs are indeed future. Therefore, dealing with seas and
14 and others, with the closest interaction stresses – such as ocean warming and acidi- limited, because the goal is, in fact, mainly ocean in the context of the 2030 Agenda
being with SDG 13 (climate change). Le fication – but also through the amplification about marine life (SANTOS, 2019). requires a change of perspective, mainly
Blanc (2015) emphasizes the close relation- of local and regional stresses, such as fresh- because it is a cross-cutting issue. This is the
ship between SDG 14 and SDG 8 (growth water runoff and the pollutant load”. When “However, as the political framework main subject of the next subsection.
and employment) and SDG 12 (sustainable it comes to how often each SDG appears in that the SDGs provide does not reflect Table 1 presents all SDGs directly and/
consumption and production), conclud- the top six priorities, SDG 14 has the low- the full picture and as some areas and or indirectly related to the sea/ocean – in
ing that the SDGs are more complete and est global proportion (only 5.4%), with the goals are rather weakly connected (in addition to SDG 14 itself – based on sectors
more interconnected than the MDGs. OECD maximum proportion in East Asia and the particular the SDGs 14 Oceans [...]), related to the Blue Economy. The number
(2015) highlights the close relationship be- Pacific (13.6%) and minimum in Europe and attempts towards policy integration of targets for each SDG varies widely, but
tween SDG 14 and the environmental di- Central Asia (1.6%), according to McDon- will require the inclusion of studies on they are all related to maritime and ocean
mension of the 2030 Agenda, although nell (2018). biophysical, social and economic sys- activities. Once again, this highlights the
some of its targets affect the economic Therefore, SDG 14 would have a closer tems” (NIESTROY, 2016, p. 12). relevance of the UN Ocean Decade, partic-
(14.1, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6 and 14.7) and relationship through co-benefits with SDGs While it is not the best perspective to ularly as it sets out to expand knowledge
social (14.3, 14.6 and 14.7) dimensions. 1, 2, 11, 13 and 15. In practice, there is a tackle the relevance of the seas and ocean, and data on these activities.
In view of SDG 14, the SDSN (2015) pro- strong commitment relationship with SDG even the limited analysis that exists based From the methodological proposal of
poses three levels of monitoring, namely na- 2 (OECD, 2015) and SDG 11, which can only on SDG 14 shows that there are several this chapter, the seas and the ocean have a
tional, global and thematic. Among the topics, eventually become synergies (KROLL et al., co-benefits to achieving its goals. Like SDGs much broader and transversal spectrum in

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Blue Economy and the 2030 Agenda 111