Page 111 - Economia Azul - versão: inglês

Figura 1. Conceitos relacionados à economia azul
Figure 1. Concepts related to the Blue Economy publications from the Scopus and WoS data- and sustainable development and climate
bases, covering the period 1959-2020 - fol- change has been highlighted, reinforcing
lowing Martínez-Vázquez, Milán-García and the agenda’s strong relationship with the
Valenciano (2021), Madeira (2020) and Cos- sustainable exploitation of marine resourc-
ta and Caldeira (2018). Given the diversity es. Some sectors of the economy also stand
of approaches to the topic, it is argued that out, such as fishing, aquaculture and tour-
there are “fifty shades of blue (economy)”, as ism. Finally, there is a growing focus on
defended by Vieira, Leal and Calado (2020). managing these marine resources through,
There is still no consensus in the liter- for example, marine spatial planning (MSP)
ature, even on the meaning of each of (SANTOS, 2021b, 2021c).
these concepts (SANTOS, 2019; KEEN; Since the Blue Economy can be un-
SCHWARZ; WINI-SIMEON, 2019). Also, ac- derstood as a spin-off of the concept of
cording to Santos (2021c, 2022), in gen- “green economy”, Santos and Carval-
eral, publications are mainly concentrated ho (2020), Ido and Shimrit (2015), Arieff
in Europe, North America and Asia, with (2008) and Seele (2007) argue that “blue
emphasis on the United States, China, is the new green”. Despite the term blue
Australia and the United Kingdom. From “economy”, it is evident that, unlike oth-
2010 onwards, there was an exponential er similar terms, it has a close interface
growth in publications on the subject, es- with social and environmental/climate is-
pecially after the United Nations Confer- sues and is not limited to economic issues
ence on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) themselves. From this perspective, it is
(PATIL et al., 2016; UN, 2012); therefore, possible to understand the close relation-
the number of studies with this keyword ship with the concept of sustainable de-
has increased significantly since then. velopment (and governance), the focus of
In line, in the second decade of the 2000s the 2030 Agenda and the Ocean Decade.
the agenda seems to expand when consid- Therefore, the concept of a Blue Economy
ering international cooperation, ocean poli- is broader than the others. When contem-
cy, societies, and institutions. More recently, plating social issues, the guidelines of educa-
the 2010s have seen an increase in themes tion, science and innovation end up playing a
and actors. Unlike the temporal analyses of fundamental role in this issue; when address-
previous decades, focused on biological/ ing environmental issues, climate change
oceanographic or maritime transport ap- and the sustainable exploitation of marine
proaches, it is difficult to identify the discus- resources are also essential; finally, when
Source: Santos (2021b) sion (and its nature) that drives the period, addressing economic issues, topics such as
because different terms indicate different is- employment, wages, gross domestic product
sues and agendas. The discussion now cov- (GDP) and gross value added (GVA) are also
ers economic growth, public policy, resource fundamental. Consequently, the following
scarcity, climate change and pollution, as section will precisely analyze the interface be-
well as actors and institutions. Recently, the tween this blue economy and the ongoing
close dialogue between the Blue Economy sustainable development agenda.

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