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cases, it is necessary to consider different an agenda, particularly from the view lim- evidence of the international effort in favor stand out, for example: (inter)national
levels of hierarchies, bringing together ited to the 17 SDGs in isolation. The next of knowledge, preservation, and sustain- defense and security; fisheries and aqua-
trade-offs between domestic and inter- section briefly reviews of the literature on able exploitation of these resources. How- culture; offshore energies; seabed min-
national coordination. This is precisely the the blue economy, and then analyze the ever, there is a vast and recent economic ing; maritime transport, infrastructure,
case with the seas and the ocean. 2030 Agenda exclusively focused on the literature on the subject, which is confusing and logistics; shipbuilding and repair;
seas and ocean, either because it is a rel- and often contradictory. tourism, sport, and leisure; environment
“Oceans cover more than 70% of the
When it comes to the seas and ocean and climate (SANTOS, 2019); and blue fi-
planet’s surface and play a crucial role in evant environment for the maintenance of agenda, there is a wide and diverse range of nance. OECD (2016) divides ocean-based
some economic activities in the future, or
planetary resilience and the provision of because it involves and considers a diversity publications of scientific articles and techni- industries into established and emerging
vital ecosystem services. [Given this key of sectors and actors. cal reports that address different issues and sectors. The first group includes: capture
role,] the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable At national or international level, dif- approaches (LEE; NOH; KHIM, 2020). There fisheries, seafood processing, shipping,
Development puts use and conservation ferent actors/States need to interact to are consolidated contributions mainly from ports, ship construction and repair, off-
of the ocean and its resources, including achieve the goals and objectives proposed the biological sciences and oceanography shore (shallow water) oil and gas (P&G),
coastal areas, into the wider sustainable by the 2030 Agenda in an integrated and (including, traditionally, hydrography and shipbuilding, maritime and coastal tour-
development context for the first time” coherent way. This global-scale discussion naval engineering), but it is possible to say ism, commercial maritime services, mar-
(SCHMIDT et al., 2017, p. 177).
is essential because, although “the protec- that the 21st century is witnessing an in- itime research and development and
In this sense, this section briefly pres- tion of ocean areas under national jurisdic- crease in the number of publications on the education and dredging; in the second
ents the context of the creation of the tion is increasing, [...] more than 60% of subject and the contribution of other sci- group are: marine aquaculture, deep and
2030 Agenda, as well as advancing the the oceans are still outside national juris- ences and knowledge (KACZYNSKI, 2011). ultra-deep water P&G, offshore wind en-
theoretical discussion on the limitation of diction, and only about 1% of the area is In this context, economic science, which ergy, ocean renewable energy, marine and
the structural way of thinking about such covered” (UN, 2019, p. 28). traditionally considers the ocean, although deep-sea mining, maritime security and
almost exclusively referring to maritime trans- surveillance, marine biotechnology, high-
3. Blue Economy port, has more recently started to study it tech marine products and services, among
more broadly. The same is occurring in other others. More recently, OECD (2021) pub-
It was in the 1980s that a broader de- tainability, focusing primarily on life on areas, such as Law, International Relations, lished research with a proposal for im-
bate began to emerge about the need to land. However, target 7.b aimed to protect Cultural and Gender Studies, for examples. proved measurement of the international
structure global governance over the seas terrestrial and marine ecosystems, address- However, it should be noted that seas and ocean economy through satellite account-
and ocean, especially given the challeng- ing protected coastal areas and overfishing ocean have never been the subject of intense ing for ocean economic activity.
es that arose in this period (RYAN, 2015; (SANTOS, 2019; UN, 2015). Consequently, research in economic science. Therefore, Therefore, it is necessary to “dot the i’s”
ROTHWELL; VANDERZWAAG, 2006). Con- as will become clear, the 2030 Agenda will there is a lack in methods and analyses partic- (SANTOS, 2021a) and be aware of the ex-
sidering the context of the SDGs, it is em- end up treating – again – marine resources ular to this area, which have been carried out istence of nuance in the following terms,
phasized that the analysis in this section will in a limited and biased way. instead using other preexisting ones. Evalu- often used synonymously: Blue Economy,
focus on the post-implementation period of The growing relevance of the seas and ating the codes of the Journal of Economic sea economy, marine economy, maritime
the 2030 Agenda (from 2016 onwards). ocean in economic, geopolitical and gover- Literature (JEL), Santos (2019) concludes that economics, ocean economy, blue growth
As presented in the previous section, nance terms is reflected in the increase and there is little or no relevance to maritime and and coastal economy, for examples. Figure
the 2030 Agenda can be interpreted as diversification of scientific publications on ocean issues in economic literature, while ap- 1 summarizes the main themes related to
a kind of extension and update of the the subject, as well as in the global agen- pearing in transversal, marginal and peripher- each of these concepts, which should not
MDGs – which already considered marine da. At the UN, the 2030 Agenda (2016- al ways in other analyses. be understood as synonyms.
resources, albeit marginally. Indeed, MDG 2030), with its 17 SDGs, and the recent Among the sectors covered by the well- To this end, Santos (2021c, 2022) takes
7 was about ensuring environmental sus- Ocean Decade (2021-2030), are further known “ocean economy”, the following a bibliometric approach based on scientific

106 BLUE ECONOMY Blue Economy and the 2030 Agenda 107