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2. Agenda 2030 and its 17 SDGs and 14.7 (which deals with economic ben- The nexus approach can provide for
efits for SIDS and LDCs). greater horizontal and vertical integration
In 2015, the 2030 Agenda was ap- . 14.2 healthy ocean; Therefore, aware of the risks associ- of policies (LUCAS et al., 2016), so that
proved, leading to the establishment of . 14.3 ocean acidification; ated with interpretation limited to closed “responsibilities must be defined, account-
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), boxes in their respective themes, not only ability systems put in place and human ca-
which came into force on January 1, 2016. . 14.4 sustainable fisheries – overfishing the logo of the SDG Agenda changed, but pacities built accordingly” (WAAGE et al.,
With 17 interlinked goals, 169 targets and and illegal, unreported and unregulated the academic debate on the need to face 2015, p. 87). As an example, van Soest et al.
232 associated indicators, the ambitious (IUU) fishing; and understand it in an integrated and joint (2019) brought together SDGs 13, 14 and
2030 Agenda was adopted by the United . 14.5 marine protected areas; way is expanded. Different actors, such as 15 into a cluster of land systems that want
Nations (UN) to face the great challenges of subnational, national, or supranational, to identify synergies and trade-offs in meet-
the 21st century. The set of goals, targets . 14.6 fishing subsidies; public and/or private, need to consider ing multiple SDGs simultaneously, through
and indicators focus on people, the planet, . 14.7 economic benefits for Small Island their activities as part of a whole to be an Integrated Assessment Model (IAMs). In
prosperity, peace and partnerships (known Developing States (SIDS) and Least Develo- achieved, and not as an objective in itself. line with these authors who propose differ-
as “the 5Ps”) and can be understood as a ped Countries (LDCs); Faced with this dilemma, the debate on ent structures to group the SDGs, Niestroy
more holistic approach than the MDGs. the grouping of the SDGs grows, as well (2016) suggests three concentric circles as
The agenda addresses different topics . 14.a knowledge and technology; as the identification and measurement of a tool to group the SDGs based on well-be-
such as poverty (SDG 1), hunger (SDG 2), . 14.b small-scale fishing; and their interdependence and mutual influ- ing (SDGs 1, 3, 4, 5 and 10), in the pro-
good health and well-being (SDG 3), quality ences, positive or negative. duction, distribution and delivery of goods
education (SDG 4), gender equality (SDG 5), . 14.c development and implementation As will be seen in section 4 of this chap- and services (SDGs 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12)
clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), clean and of laws. ter, in practice there are different intercon- and in the natural environment (SDGs 13,
affordable energy (SDG 7), decent work and nections and trade-offs between the 17 14 and 15). As already mentioned, SDGs 16
economic growth (SDG 8), industry, innova- Therefore, the focus on the biological goals (ALLEN et al., 2018; BREUER et al., and 17 are “placed outside the circle as a
tion and infrastructure (SDG 9), inequalities and environmental perspective of SDG 2019; LU et al., 2015; LUSSEAU; MACINI, goal underlying the Means of Implementa-
(SDG 10), sustainable cities and communities 14 is quite evident, which also considers 2019; MOYER; BOHL, 2019; NERINI et al., tion and other governance-related goals”
(SDG 11), responsible consumption and pro- the asymmetry between different states in 2018; PRADHAN, 2019; SANTOS; 2020, (NIESTROY, 2016, p. 10).
duction (SDG 12), climate action (SDG 13), the international system when specifical- 2021; SANTOS; SANTOS, 2017; SCHER- Despite these alternative approaches,
marine life (SDG 14), life on land (SDG 15), ly addressing SIDS and LDCs (UN, 2016). ERER et al., 2018). Therefore, the success many of them still reproduce the prob-
peace, justice and strong institutions (SDG It should be noted that this SDG is also of the 2030 Agenda depends on the joint lems they propose to solve and overcome,
16) and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17) . closely related to the objectives of the UN scope of the different SDGs, even because making the segmented logic of the SDGs
It is worth noting that SDG 17 is of a partic- Ocean Decade (UN, 2017) – the subject of they need to be thought collectively. In evident. Thus, as the SDGs are influenced
ular nature as it deals with means of imple- discussion in the next chapter. some cases, as will be shown, the achieve- by the MDGs, dividing the themes into
mentation (MoI) such as finance, technology, In fact, most of the work that deals ment of a specific target associated with different goals, targets and indicators, it
capacity, trade, Policy Coherence for Sustain- with the relevance of the seas and the some SDGs may compromise or even pre- may be limited to dealing with the current
able Development (CSD), partnerships and ocean in the 2030 Agenda tends to focus vent the achievement of another target, challenges of the international system in
data (OECD, 2015). At the same time, some exclusively on SDG 14. The social and eco- which justifies this complex joint approach. transition in different areas based on the
SDG also have their own MoI. nomic vision associated with activities that Galvão (2020, p. 11) argues that “the syn- same logic and pre-existing instruments
In summary, SDG 14 (life bellow water) directly depend on the seas and ocean is ergistic interactions of the SDGs (SDGs-Si) (SANTOS; SANTOS, 2017). The challeng-
addresses: discredited, appearing only marginally in would range from stopping (the most neg- es become even more complex for certain
targets 14.4, 14.6 and 14.b (which deal ative interaction) to inseparable (the stron- agendas, due to their multi-level gover-
. 14.1 marine pollution; with fisheries, including artisanal activity) gest form of positive interaction)”. nance and cross-cutting nature. In these

104 BLUE ECONOMY Blue Economy and the 2030 Agenda 105